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AAWSAP DIRD, Laser Lightcraft Nanosatellites, November 2010

U.S. Department of War · 2010-11-01 · 77 pages · text from the file's own layer

This Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIA-08-1011-001), dated 1 November 2010, was prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Defense Warning Office under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications program. It covers nanosatellite technologies, laser Lightcraft propulsion, a weapon mission selection study and a multi-megawatt laser study. The author recommends that the Department of Defense, working with NASA, bring laser Lightcraft propulsion research back to the United States and restart the Air Force X-50LR test flight program.

From the source: Release of 2026-09-18 Incident: 11/1/10, Las Vegas, Nevada. Released with redactions. This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed. This DIRD examines laser-propelled “Lightcraft” as a possible low-cost method to launch very small satellites into low Earth orbit by using a remote high-energy laser to supply most of the propulsion energy rather than relying entirely on onboard energy sources. The report combines a survey of nanosatellite trends with a review of “Lightcraft” propulsion concepts, vehicle design, beam-control requirements, and mission studies, and argues that the most promising application is the launch of nano- or pico-satellites, especially Earth- and space-observing payloads of a few kilograms or less. It presents the concept as potentially much cheaper than conventional multistage rockets for very small payloads, while also noting significant practical constraints including strict beam-riding geometry, atmospheric losses, demanding pointing and adaptive-optics requirements, and heavy dependence on large ground-, sea-, or air-based laser infrastructure. Overall, the document presents laser “Lightcraft” as a technically plausible launch concept whose attractiveness depends on whether the supporting laser and beam-control system can be made reliable and economical at operational scale.

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Chapter 2: Laser Lightcraft Nanosatellite Propulsion
Laser propulsion is a new and exceptional method for reachi ng space. By launching
spacecraft on a beam of electromagnetic radiation, researchers will have developed the
first new method of achieving orbit since the late 1950's. In this concept, a remote or
ground-based energy source, such as a ground- or space-based laser beam generator,
transmits power to a spacecraft via a beam of electromagnetic radiation [ 1-8]. The
spacecraft collects the beam energy and uses it to power the propulsion system. This
concept has the advantage of using the ambient air as the working fluid in the
atmosphere and carrying propellant only for use outside the atmosphere, leaving the
energy source for heating the propellant on the ground. This results in a tremendous
weight reduction and improved performance benefit for the spacecraft because a large
propellant mass and heavy energy source are not carried onboard.
The laser-propelled vehicle, called "Lightcraft" because it flies on a beam of laser light,
is designed to harness the energy of a laser beam and convert it into propulsive thrust.
In the earliest laser-propelled rocket designs, beamed energy from a ground-based
laser (with near-visible wavelengths) is absorbed by a heat exchanger onboard a
rocket, and is transferred to a working fluid. The heated fl uid (hydrogen, ammonia,
etc.) then produces thrust by expansion throug h a nozzle as in a conventional chemical
rocket. An alternative to this scheme is to use the beamed-energy to ablate an
onboard solid propellant (such as Delrin) to generate thrust. However, a more recent
incarnation of th is concept, developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) at
Edwards AFB, CA, is for the Lightcraft to operate in two propulsion modes: airbreathing
(detonation wave) and rocket ablation (deflagration). The Lightcraft operates in air
breathing mode up to Mach 5 and 30 km altitude, and in laser thermal rocket mode
(using liq uid, gaseous, or Delrin ablation propellant) in space [7, 8, 9-16]. Figure 1
shows the Air Force X-25LR (25 cm diameter) Lightcraft concept. The Air Force X-SOLR
Lightcraft has twice the diameter as the X-25LR.
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Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 77 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.