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This Defense Intelligence Reference Document from the Defense Intelligence Agency is dated 11 January 2011. It was produced in FY 2010 under the Advanced Aerospace Weapons System Applications (AAWSA) Program. It reviews negative, or sub-vacuum, energy found in squeezed light and the Casimir effect, and explains quantum optical homodyne tomography as a way to measure and map that energy in the lab. It proposes balanced homodyne detector arrays that could help detect anomalous aerospace platforms using engineered spacetime propulsion.
UNCLASSIFIED//F811. 8ffll!l*L 1!1!11! 8IU:!Y w' [ hw hw]p(co)dm=----,----,- , +- dw TTC exp(hw;k8T)-I 2 (2) where kB is Boltzmann's constant (1.3807 x 10-23 J/K) and Tis the absolute temperature. The factor outside the square brackets in the first line of Eq. (2) is the density of mode (or photon) states (i.e., the number of states per unit frequency interval per unit volume); the first term inside the square brackets is the standard Planck blackbody radiation energy per mode; and the second term inside the square brackets is the quantum zero-point energy per mode. Equation (2) is called the Zero- Point Planck (ZPP) spectral radiation energy density. Planck first added the ZPE term to the classical blackbody spectral radiation energy density in 1912, although it was Einstein, Hopf, and Stern who actually recognized the physical significance of this term in 1913 [25]. Direct spectroscopic evidence for the reality of ZPE was provided by Mulliken's boron monoxide spectral band experiments in 1924, several months before Heisenberg first derived the ZPE for a harmonic oscillator from his new quantum matrix mechanics theory [39]. Following this line of reasoning, quantum physics predicts that all of space must be filled with quantum electromagnetic ZPF creating a universal sea of zero-point energy. The other quantum forces of nature also have their own vacuum ZPF which contributes to the universal sea of zero-point energy. But that is beyond the scope of this report. Negative (Sub-Vacuum) Energy in Squeezed Light Substantial theoretical and experimental work has shown that in many quantum systems the limits to measurement precision imposed by the quantum vacuum ZPF can be breached by decreasing the noise in one observable (or measurable quantity) at the expense of increasing the noise in the conjugate observable; at the same time the variations in the first observable, say the energy, are reduced below the ZPF such that the energy becomes "negative." "Squeezing" is thus the control of quantum fluctuations and corresponding uncertainties, whereby one can squeeze/reduce the variance of one (physically important) observable quantity provided the variance in the (physically unimportant) conjugate variable is stretched/increased. The squeezed quantity possesses an unusually low variance, meaning less variance than would be expected on the basis of the equipartition theorem. One can in principle exploit quantum squeezing to extract energy from one place in the ordinary vacuum at the expense of accumulating excess energy elsewhere [8]. The squeezed state of the electromagnetic field is a primary example of a quantum field that has negative energy density and negative energy flux. Such a state became a physical reality in the laboratory as a result of the nonlinear-optics technique of "squeezing," i.e., of moving some of the quantum-fluctuations of laser light out of the 8 UNCLASSIFIED//509 AEFJCIOI I ICE ANI X
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Report, from the dia collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 51 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.