“Sea”60+ pages
- p. 10 …the major responsibility for coverage of over-
seas operations, and in the fall of 1942 he…
- p. 53 …this department in operations over land
and sea, but none offered an acceptable solution to the…
- p. 58 …Because of the traditional importance of sea power in the national
scheme of defense, Mitchell’s…
- p. 59 …as the tactics of the ground
and sea forces,” the board recommended a ten-year expansion…
- p. 64 …entirely dependable force” for operating a t sea, and the
Army, which “with its own air…
- p. 74 …find a limited career on the high seas beyond the operational
radius of aircraft. In 1920…
- p. 76 …units should be attached to ground and sea
forces as auxiliaries.9*But, so long as…
- p. 83 …the conduct of air operations over
the sea in direct defense of the coast”; under certain…
- p. 86 …Aviation alone cannot pro-
tect our merchant marine or our troop movements by sea, but it…
- p. 96 …certain responsibilities for the
protection of coastwise sea lanes. But the Navy’s obligations, in
contradistinction…
- p. 97 …traditionally naval functions as patrol of coastal sea lanes. Placed
aboard a carrier, the airplane could…
- p. 98 …least 2 5 0 miles a t sea, and the importance of developing
seaward reconnaissance units…
- p. 105 …The Navy would provide aircraPt for
don, scouting, and patrolling over the sea and for the…
- p. 107 …It
is the only weapon which can engage, with equal facility, land, sea, and other
air…
- p. 108 …a great
nation as land power and sea power, and there is no hope for victory…
- p. 112 …advance of contact either upon land or sea, and that victory can-
not but incline to…
- p. 114 …responsible for coastal defense, convoy protection, and sea and
antisubmarine patrols. There was apparently little co…
- p. 118 …they
made relatively little provision for air-sea rescue of highly trained
personnel. In the matter…
- p. 119 …As opposed to
land and sea operations, in which the defensive attitude was easier than
the…
- p. 127 …Recon-
naissance and sea rescue work also figured in Luftwaffe operations.
The badly outnumbered Norwegian air…
- p. 128 …in combined
operations with the land and sea forces.” In keeping with French
military traditions, however…
- p. 133 …Atlantic
and in the Irish and North seas. The attempted air blockade achieved
a moderate degree…
- p. 138 …tradi-
tional policy of freedom of the seas and which denied to our govern-
ment the…
- p. 154 …Such additions to a com-
bination of Japanese, Italian, and German sea forces would have
imposed…
- p. 155 …force to intercept an enemy approaching by sea. The Navy had bit-
terly resented Air Corps…
- p. 157 …the point where it could cover all sea and land
areas from which enemy air power…
- p. 162 …The Caribbean Sea
was shaped somewhat in the fashion of a very flat wedge of pie…
- p. 173 …At the Roosevelt-Churchill conference at
sea in mid-August, Generals Marshall and Arnold had made…
- p. 177 …Near East,
India, and the Far East. Sea communications, upon which logistical
support of these widely…
- p. 181 …Hemisphere, support of naval forces in maintaining sea communica-
tions, and attacks on enemy shipping within…
- p. 188 …And to protect the
security of bases and the sea lanes which connected them with Amer…
- p. 198 …and to insure the safety of
essential sea communications.'s By the first week of December…
- p. 199 …Base commander, included inde-
pendent action againsr sea, land, and air objectives, support of land
and…
- p. 201 …and aircraft warning outposts fringing the Caribbean Sea." Dis-
tributed among the military fields and installations…
- p. 204 …and
against attacks by air, land, and sea forces, while the Navy mission
was to support…
- p. 208 …thorough reconnaissance and observation of
the air, sea, and land approaches to the Canal Zone.” Existing…
- p. 211 …base would put an increased strain on sea com-
munications a t a time when shipping…
- p. 235 …and cargo ships in harbors and at sea, confirming
the general assumption that some major move…
- p. 246 …But as the day advanced
the sea had roughened, and approximately fifty planes were smashed
in…
- p. 249 …the enemy fleet returned to the Inland Sea of Japan.17 Japanese
officials interviewed after the…
- p. 257 …a fruitless
flight over the South China Sea, where an enemy formation had been
From this…
- p. 259 …Meanwhile, the planes of the 3d Squadron returning from their
search over the South China Sea…
- p. 268 …depots had
been “completely ruined.” The submarine Sea Lion had been sunk
and other naval craft…
- p. 282 …and the prospect of breaking through the sea
blockade with a naval escort for convoys was…
- p. 286 …as its southward movement must be by sea, we counted
on neutralizing, if not wholly containing…
- p. 288 …maintenance
of designated lines of communication, both sea lanes and air routes;
forging and tightening a…
- p. 323 …This drastic shift in
the balance of sea power had exposed the Pacific coast and, in…
- p. 325 …innocent American freighter which had been at
sea without radio communication and had not heard of…
- p. 326 …by the time-consuming and vulner-
able sea route. T w o air routes were available…
- p. 329 …They were enemy
planes! I mean Japanese planes! And they were tracked out to sea. You…
- p. 332 …a Japanese submarine rose
out of the sea off Ellwood, a hamlet on the California coast…
- p. 333 …though the mysterious object tracked in from sea seems
to have vanished. At 0 2 4…
- p. 348 …on 26 March 1942 to the Eastern Sea Frontier."
It was accordingly within the Eastern and…
- p. 362 …provide for the
security of the principal sea routes and seven main air routes over
3…
- p. 363 …I N C I P A L SEA A N D A I R R O…
- p. 364 …because the Japanese had cut the
only sea and air lanes over which available reinforcements, such…
- p. 372 …around Africa
and up through the Red Sea to Egypt. A large base and an assembly…
- p. 419 …T h e former was engaged only in long-range over-
seas operations, while the latter…
- p. 433 …a key point in the defense of sea and air routes through the
South Pacific, and…
- p. 435 …an eastern invasion force would move
down through the Molucca Sea to occupy Manado, Kendari, and…
N O T E S
* * * * * * * * * * *
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1
I . Howard E. Coffin, quoted in New
2 . A.W. Sweetser, T h e Americun Air
3. Zbid., pp. 230-31.
4. Zbid., chap. 5 .
5. N e w York Times, 10 June 1917.
6. Dr. C.D. Walcott of NACA, quoted
in Sweetser, op. cit., p. 45.
7. E.S. Gorrell, T h e Measure o f Amer-
ica’s World W a r Aeronautical Effort
(Northfield, Vt., 19401, p. 2 .
York Times, 14 June 1917.
Service (New York, 1 9 1 9 ) ~pp. 66-68.
8. Sweetser, op. cit., p. 16.
9. G.W. Mixter and H.H. Emmons,
U.S. A r m y Aircraft Production Facts
(Washington, 1919), p. 5 .
10. J.J. Pershing, My Experiences in
the World W a r (New York, 19311, I,
27.
1 1 . Sweetser, op. cit., p. 46.
1 2 . Zbid., p. 54; Mixter and Emmons,
op. cit., p. 5 .
13. J.M. Spaight, T h e Beginnings of
Organized Air Power: A Historical
Study (London, 1 9 2 7 ) ~p. 239.
14. Sweetser, op. cit., p. 93, n. I , quot-
ing the legislation.
15. Spaight, op. cit., pp. 238-45, based
largely on Sweetser.
16. Sweetser, op. cit., pp. 190ff.
17. Zbid., chaps. vi and vii.
18. Ibid., pp. 210-17.
19. Zbid., pp. 218-19, 238; Spaight, op.
20. Sweetser, op. cit., pp. 220ff.
2 I . Zbid., pp. 240, 247-48. Spaight , ( o p .
Cit., pp. 279-88) summarizes statistics
from various sources.
22. Sweetser, op. cit., pp. 232-33.
23. Pershing, op. cit., I, 161-62.
cit., pp. 2 4 6 5 1 .
24. M.M. Patrick, T h e United States
in the Air (New York, 1928), p. 1 5 .
2 5 . H.A. Toulmin, Jr., Air Service,
A.E.F., rp18 (New York, 1927), pp. 74-
78. 26. Patrick, op. cit., p. 16.
2 7 . Gorrell, op. cit., p. 29 (table);
Pershing, op. cit., 11, 61.
28. Patrick, op. cit., pp. 1-16; Toul-
min, op. cit., chap. vi.
29. Patrick, op. cit., p. 17. Here he
gives the previous goal as 354 squadrons.
30. Gorrell, op. cit., p. 29.
3 1 . Final Report of Chief of Air Serv-
ice, A.E.F. (Washington, 1921).
3 2 . Details in this section are taken
from the best of the Mitchell biographies:
Isaac Don Levine, Mitchell, Pioneer of
Air Power (New York, 1943).
3 3 . For quotations see ibid., 92-94.
35. Zbid., pp. 97-100,
36. Zbid., p. 108.
3 7 , Final Report.. ., A.E.F., passim.
Another summary of the participation of
American air units in the war will be
found in [Clayton L. Bisselll Brief His-
tory of the Air Corps and Its Late De-
velopment (Air Corps Tactical School,
Langley Field, Va., [19271), pp. 33-65.
38. William Mitchell, “The Air Serv-
ice at St. Mihiel,” World’s W o r k ,
XXXVIII (Aug., 1919), 360-70; Final Re-
port ..., A.E.F.
39. Quotations and general concept of
the battle taken from William Mitchell,
“The Air Service a t the Argonne-Meuse,”
World‘s W o r k , XXXVIII (Sept. 1919),
5 5 2 - 6 0 ; Final Report.. . , A.E.F.
40. Quoted in Special AAF Historical
Study, Review of Aerial Warfare for the
Scientific Advisory Board (Jan. 1945),
p. 3.
34. ]bid., pp. 95-97.
671