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Sky Canada Project report (PDF)

Office of the Chief Science Advisor, Government of Canada · 2025 · 30 pages · text from the file's own layer

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REPORT OF THE SKY CANADA PROJECT# 19
Tackling the Puzzle:
Using Technology to Study
UAP Sightings
New technologies can contribute to UAP reporting and anal-
ysis. For example, the tech startup Enigma Labs launched
a real-time iOS application5 for smartphones in 2023. This
application captures sightings and compiles them into a stan-
dardized, easily searchable database that can be analyzed by
the public and researchers alike. It also allows users to share
information about their observations. The Enigma app includes
over 14,000 UAP sighting reports from Canada, some of which
cover historical sighting reports downloaded from other sourc-
es. Interestingly, the survey by Earnscliffe Strategies for the Sky
Canada Project found that two in five respondents are interest-
ed in using a mobile phone application to document UAPs (see
Appendix B).
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in this context is particu-
larly promising. With the growing volume of data enabled by
smart-phone technologies such as Enigma Labs’ application,
AI could significantly streamline and standardize the process of
examining and assessing UAP sightings. AI can assist in sifting
through vast amounts of data from various sources, such as
databases tracking airplane locations, satellites, stars, planets
and weather conditions. This capability could aid in interpreting
visual data from UAP sightings more accurately, and in identify-
ing trends.
Another example is Harvard University’s Galileo Project6 which
is developing instruments specifically designed to monitor the
sky in an empirical, systematic way. The Galileo Project uses
technology, including AI tools, to analyze collected data and
detect anomalies that might otherwise go unnoticed. By apply-
ing a data-driven approach, the Galileo Project aims to bring
more scientific rigour to UAP studies.
Such initiatives could be crucial in transitioning from anecdotal
evidence to more scientifically rigorous analysis and may con-
tribute to enhancing the quality of UAP research.
Common Explanations
for UAPs
Most UAP sightings can be explained through careful investiga-
tion and analysis, given sufficient reliable data. For example,
France’s GEIPAN (Groupe d’Études et d’Informations sur les
Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non-identifiés, or Unidentified
Aerospace Phenomenon Research and Information Group),
which investigates UAP sightings in France, reports that of the
3,188 cases collected by 2025, only 3.2% of cases remained
unidentified after investigation. Furthermore, 31.4% of cas-
es could not be explained due to insufficient data.4 Similarly,
Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) Canada reports that, of the
321 sightings it investigated in 2023, 31% could not be conclu-
sively explained due to information being too vague.
In most instances, UAP observations can be accounted for by
relatively simple explanations, including:
• Conventional Aircraft: UAPs can be conventional aircraft
that are not immediately recognized, especially if they are
seen from a distance or in poor visibility conditions.
• Weather Phenomena: Atmospheric conditions can create
unusual visual effects. For example, ice crystals, storms,
clouds, or temperature inversions can sometimes make
lights or objects appear in unusual and hard-to-identify ways.
• Astronomical Objects: Planets, stars or meteors can
sometimes be misidentified because their appearance can
change based on atmospheric conditions or their position in
the sky.
• Man-Made Objects: Weather balloons, drones, telecom-
munication balloons and satellites, sky lanterns or experi-
mental aircraft can also be classified as UAPs by observers.
These objects may have unusual flight patterns or lighting
that can cause confusion.
• Optical Illusions: Reflections, lens flares or other optical
effects can create the appearance of something unusual in
the sky.
• Human Error: Misinterpretation of everyday objects or phe-
nomena, such as aircraft lights seen from a different angle,
can lead to UAP reports.
Nonetheless, some UAP sightings—for which data exist—remain
unexplained even after investigation.
Observatories, like the one on Mont-Mégantic in Québec,
use telescopes to look at objects in the night sky,
helping us better understand the cosmos.
Sprites are a natural phenomena that occur high above thun-
derstorm clouds and produce luminous red-orange flashes that
last only a few milliseconds. Photo credit: Nicolas Escurat
Lenticular clouds can have shapes similar to that of
a saucer.

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