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CIA-UAP-003, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974

Central Intelligence Agency · 1954 · 406 pages · text from the file's own layer

This is a Secret History Staff monograph by Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach of the Central Intelligence Agency, published in 1992. It gives a history of the CIA's manned overhead reconnaissance program from 1954 to 1974, covering the development and operation of the U-2 and the A-12 OXCART aircraft. It covers overflights of the Soviet Union, the 1960 downing of Francis Gary Powers, and later operations. One section is titled "U-2s, UFOs, and Operation BLUE BOOK."

From the source:Release of 2026-06-12 This CIA History Staff document chronicles the complete history of the U-2 and OXCART (A-12) high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft programs from 1954 to 1974, detailing their development, operations over the Soviet Union and other targets worldwide, the famous downing of Francis Gary Powers in 1960, organizational reforms following that incident, and the eventual transfer of operations from CIA to Air Force control. A more redacted version of this document has been available on CIA's public website.

  • p. 18 …Leghorn persuaded his superiors to submit his suggestion to the Pentagon for funding. He had not…
  • p. 20 …Meanwhile Leghorn, frustrated by the rejection of his original concept, had transferred to the Pentagon in…
  • p. 22 …become the assistant director of Lockheed's Advanced Development Program, was in the Pentagon on business…
  • p. 24 …for the construction and maintenance of 30 aircraft to a group of senior Pentagon official s…
  • p. 26 …He had been present at Kelly Johnson's presentation on the CL-282 at the Pentagon…
  • p. 27 …with Strong in the Pentagon on 12 May 1954, six clays before the Wright Air Deve…
  • p. 52 …Late on the morning of 2 December 1954, Dulles told Bissell to go to the Pentagon…
  • p. 91 …He then briefed a high-level Pentagon panel that included the Secretary of the Air Force…
  • p. 92 …After a half hour passed, the base commander called the Pentagon to ask where the crippled…
  • p. 225 …By 25 September 1957, the National Security Council had become concerned with the course of events…
  • p. 251 …Early in 1963 the Agency sought special funds from the Pentagon to de velop a high…
  • p. 363 …CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War fl. New York: William Morrow, 1986. ---. The Soviet…
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Seerct NOFORN
Chapter 2
and could not survive the stresses of loops and barrel rolls. Moreover,
the original U-2s were placarded, which meant that they could not be
flown at sea level faster than 190 knots in smooth air or 150 knots in
rough air. At operational altitude, where the air was much less dense,
they could not exceed Mach 0.8 (394 knots). Speeds in excess of
these limits could cause the wings or tail section to fall off.
Airspeed was a very critical factor for the U-2. At maximum alti
tude only 6 knots separated the speeds at which low-speed stall and
high-speed buffet occurred. Pilots called this narrow range of accept
able airspeeds at maximum altitude the .. coffin corner" because at
this point the U-2 was always on the brink of falling out of the sky. If
the aircraft slowed beyond the low-speed stall limit, it would lose lift
and begin to fall, causing stresses that would tear the wings and tail
off. A little too much speed would lead to buffeting, which would
also cause the loss of the wings or tail. Flying conditions such as
these required a U-2 pilot's full attention when he was not using the
autopilot. Airspeed was such a critical factor that Kelly Johnson
added a vernier adjustment to the throttle to allow the pilot to make
minute alterations to the fuel supply. 50
Among the unique devices developed for the U-2 was a small
sextant for making celestial .. fixes" during the long overflights.
Because cloud cover often prevented U-2 pilots from locating naviga
tional points on the earth through the periscope, the sextant turned out
to be the pilots' principal navigational instrument during the first
three years of deployment. When clouds were not a factor, however.
the periscope proved highly accurate for navigation. During the final
tests before the aircraft became operational. U-2 pilots found they
could navigate by dead reckoning with an error of less than I nautical
mile over a 1.000-nm course.5'
FINAL TESTS OF THE U-2
Flight-testing of the U-2 continued throughout the fall and winter of
1955-56 in order to test all the various systems. By mid-January
1956. SAC officials were so impressed that they also wanted to pur
chase a fleet of these planes. On 30 January. DCI Dulles agreed to
" Cunningham int.:rview (TS Codeword): John Parangosky. intt:rview by Donald E.
Wdzenhach. tape recording. 6 March 1986 (S): information supplied by James
Ch..:rbonneaux to Donald E. Wdzenhach (S).
" Cunningham interview (TS Codeword).
Seci:et

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Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 406 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.