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CIA-UAP-003, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974

Central Intelligence Agency · 1954 · 406 pages · text from the file's own layer

This is a Secret History Staff monograph by Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach of the Central Intelligence Agency, published in 1992. It gives a history of the CIA's manned overhead reconnaissance program from 1954 to 1974, covering the development and operation of the U-2 and the A-12 OXCART aircraft. It covers overflights of the Soviet Union, the 1960 downing of Francis Gary Powers, and later operations. One section is titled "U-2s, UFOs, and Operation BLUE BOOK."

From the source:Release of 2026-06-12 This CIA History Staff document chronicles the complete history of the U-2 and OXCART (A-12) high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft programs from 1954 to 1974, detailing their development, operations over the Soviet Union and other targets worldwide, the famous downing of Francis Gary Powers in 1960, organizational reforms following that incident, and the eventual transfer of operations from CIA to Air Force control. A more redacted version of this document has been available on CIA's public website.

  • p. 18 …Leghorn persuaded his superiors to submit his suggestion to the Pentagon for funding. He had not…
  • p. 20 …Meanwhile Leghorn, frustrated by the rejection of his original concept, had transferred to the Pentagon in…
  • p. 22 …become the assistant director of Lockheed's Advanced Development Program, was in the Pentagon on business…
  • p. 24 …for the construction and maintenance of 30 aircraft to a group of senior Pentagon official s…
  • p. 26 …He had been present at Kelly Johnson's presentation on the CL-282 at the Pentagon…
  • p. 27 …with Strong in the Pentagon on 12 May 1954, six clays before the Wright Air Deve…
  • p. 52 …Late on the morning of 2 December 1954, Dulles told Bissell to go to the Pentagon…
  • p. 91 …He then briefed a high-level Pentagon panel that included the Secretary of the Air Force…
  • p. 92 …After a half hour passed, the base commander called the Pentagon to ask where the crippled…
  • p. 225 …By 25 September 1957, the National Security Council had become concerned with the course of events…
  • p. 251 …Early in 1963 the Agency sought special funds from the Pentagon to de velop a high…
  • p. 363 …CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War fl. New York: William Morrow, 1986. ---. The Soviet…
Seeret NOFORN
Chapter 2
74
recruits in mid-1955. Geary arranged for an Air Force officer of
I Jto stay with the group during a preliminary training
program at Lu e Air Force~e plan to use foreign pilots soon
ran into trouble when onlyl__________,pilots passed the
school and reported to Area 5 1. T hey made only a few flights in the
U-2, and by the autumn of 1955 they were out of the program. 51
'
Even before the elimination of the I lit was clear that there
would not be enough trained foreigrn pilots available in time for de
ployment. Bissell therefore had to start the search for U-2 pilots all
over again. Lt. Gen . Emmett (Rosy) O' Donnell, the Air Force's
Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, authorized the use of Air Force
pi lots and provided considerable assistance in the search for pilots
who met the high standards established by the Agency and the Air
Force. The search included only SAC fighter pilots who held reserve
commissions. The use of regular Air Force pilots was not considered
because of the complexities involved in having them resign from the
Air Force, a procedure that was necessary in order to hire them as ci
vilians for the AQUATONE project.
SAC pilots interested in the U-2 project had to be willing to re- ·
sign from the Air Force and assume c ivil ian status-a process known
as sheep-dipping-in order to conduct the overflights. Although Air
Force pilots were attracted by the challenge of flying U-2s over hos
tile territory, they were re luctant to leave the service and give up their
seniority. To overcome pilots' reluctance, the Agency offered hand
some salaries, and the Air Force promised each pilot that, upon satis
factory conclusion of his employment with the Agency. he could
return to his unit. In the meantime, he would be considered for pro
motion along with his contemporari,es who had continued their Air
Force careers.~'
The selection process for Agenc:y U-2 pilots was very rigorous.
Because of the strain involved in flying at extreme altitudes for long
periods of time, painstaking efforts were made to exclude all pilots
who might be nervous or unstable in any way. The physical and psy-
. chological screening of potential U--2 pilots was conducted by the
Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research in
Albuquerque, New Mexico, under a contract signed with the CIA on
'' OSA History, chap. 10. pp. 1-10 (TS Codeword): Geary interview (S).
' ' OS..\ History. chap. 10. pp. 5-6 (TS Codeword) ; Geary interview (S); Francis Gary
Powers with Curt Gentry. Openuion Overflight (New York: Holt. Rinehart. and Wilson.
1970). pp. 25-27.

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Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 406 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.