Documents / Official release

CIA-UAP-003, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974

Central Intelligence Agency · 1954 · 406 pages · text from the file's own layer

This is a Secret History Staff monograph by Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach of the Central Intelligence Agency, published in 1992. It gives a history of the CIA's manned overhead reconnaissance program from 1954 to 1974, covering the development and operation of the U-2 and the A-12 OXCART aircraft. It covers overflights of the Soviet Union, the 1960 downing of Francis Gary Powers, and later operations. One section is titled "U-2s, UFOs, and Operation BLUE BOOK."

From the source:Release of 2026-06-12 This CIA History Staff document chronicles the complete history of the U-2 and OXCART (A-12) high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft programs from 1954 to 1974, detailing their development, operations over the Soviet Union and other targets worldwide, the famous downing of Francis Gary Powers in 1960, organizational reforms following that incident, and the eventual transfer of operations from CIA to Air Force control. A more redacted version of this document has been available on CIA's public website.

  • p. 5 …139 Cooperation With Norway ....................................................................... 142 Declining Overflight Activity.................................................................... 143 Concerns About Soviet Countermeasures Against the U…
  • p. 7 …320 Cooperation With the Air Force ............................................................. 321 Impact of the Overhead Reconnaissance Program o n the…
  • p. 91 …Early in the program Bissell and Ritland had foreseen such an emergency and, with the cooperation…
  • p. 95 …their awareness of the vital nature of their mission kept the level of cooperation high. The…
  • p. 143 …deception project since its early days, he cooperated reluctantly because he disliked adding attachments that made…
  • p. 155 …the beginning of cooperation between CIA and the Norwegian Intelligence Service on the U-2 program…
  • p. 167 …By 1957 cooperation be tween the United Kingdom and the United States had expanded to include…
  • p. 169 …a logical ex tension of the close cooperation that already existed between the two countries on…
  • p. 196 …as possible while giving the appearance of cooperating with his cap tors. To extract the maximum…
  • p. 287 …by Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier (EG&G) in cooperation with the Scientific Engineering Institute at a small…
  • p. 302 …Halaby cooperated fully with the Agency and personally briefed all FAA regional chiefs on how to…
  • p. 334 …The cooperation between the Agency and the Air Force that began with the U-2 and…
321
Seeret NOFORN
Chapter 7
government could not afford to maintain two such similar reconnais
sance programs. The elimination of the Agency's OXCART program
did not, however, spell the end of the usefulness of the world's most
advanced aircraft; its offspring, the SR-71, is still in service.
In addition to the aircraft themselves, many other items associ
ated with the reconnaissance program have represented important ad
vances in technology. The flight suits and life-support systems of the
U-2 and OXCART pilots were the forerunners of the equipment used
in the space program. Camera resolution improved dramatically as the
result of cameras and lenses produced for the CIA's reconnaissance
program.
COOPERATION WITH THE AIR FORCE
In this history, which concentrates on the CIA's involvement in over
head reconnaissance, it is easy to overlook the important role that the
US Air Force played in the U-2 and OXCART programs. From the
. v_ery beginnings of the U-2 program in 1954, the Agency and the Air
Force were partners in advancing the state of the art in overhead re
connaissance. Air Force personnel served at all levels of the recon
naissance program, from project headquarters to the testing site and
field detachments. The Air Force supplied the U-2's engines, at times
diverting them from other high-priority production lines. Perhaps
most important of all, the Air Force provided pilots for the U-2s after
the Agency's original attempt to recruit a sufficient number of skilled
foreign pilots proved unsuccessful. Finally, the day-to-day operations
of the U-2s could not have been conducted without the help of Air
Force mission planners, weather forecasters, and support personnel in
the field detachments. The cooperation between the Agency and the
Air Force that began with the U-2 and continued with Project
OXCART remains a major feature in US reconnaissance programs
today.
IMPACT OF THE OVERHEAD RECONNAISSANCE
PROGRAM ON THE CIA
CIA's entry into the world of overhead reconnaissance at the end of
1954 ultimately produced major changes in the Agency. Classical
forms of intelligence-the use of covert agents and clandestine
operations-gradually lost their primacy to the new scientific and
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Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 406 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.