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CIA-UAP-003, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974

Central Intelligence Agency · 1954 · 406 pages · text from the file's own layer

This is a Secret History Staff monograph by Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach of the Central Intelligence Agency, published in 1992. It gives a history of the CIA's manned overhead reconnaissance program from 1954 to 1974, covering the development and operation of the U-2 and the A-12 OXCART aircraft. It covers overflights of the Soviet Union, the 1960 downing of Francis Gary Powers, and later operations. One section is titled "U-2s, UFOs, and Operation BLUE BOOK."

From the source:Release of 2026-06-12 This CIA History Staff document chronicles the complete history of the U-2 and OXCART (A-12) high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft programs from 1954 to 1974, detailing their development, operations over the Soviet Union and other targets worldwide, the famous downing of Francis Gary Powers in 1960, organizational reforms following that incident, and the eventual transfer of operations from CIA to Air Force control. A more redacted version of this document has been available on CIA's public website.

  • p. 9 …The struggle between the CIA and the US Air Force to control the U-2 and…
  • p. 72 …2 missions. Access to the photographs taken by the U-2 would be strictly controlled, which…
  • p. 73 …This pact gave the Air Force responsibility for pilot selection and training, weather information, mission plotting…
  • p. 81 …Before the start of a mission, the ground crew set the counters to indicate the total…
  • p. 96 …All of the products from this project would be placed in the new control sys tem…
  • p. 100 …This was an S-band radar used by Soviet forces for early warning and ground-controlled…
  • p. 113 …The President nevertheless maintained tight control over the program and authorized only 10 days of overflights…
  • p. 128 …following day, when the next U-2 mission f m the Middle East. After quickly developing…
  • p. 140 …Welzenbach (S); Mission folder 4020 ( 18 March 1957), OSA records, job 67-B-972, box 7…
  • p. 142 …where they would not interfere with the control surfaces. At the ends of these poles, completely…
  • p. 147 …To take ad vantage of these weaknesses, Detachment C staged three missions from Alaska into the…
  • p. 156 …After these missions, penetrat ion overflights became a rarity. There would be only six more during…
  • p. 167 …U-2 missions. To handle U-2 material, the British created a new control system, which…
  • p. 168 …The British missions would be operationally controlled by CIA project headquarters. Soon afterward four British pilots…
  • p. 169 …where the United Kingdom carried out 27 missions during the two years its pi lots took…
  • p. 170 157 Sec, et MOF'ORI\I Chapter 3 May 1959, and used to fly weather missions…
  • p. 180 …The excellent photography from tnis mission did not reveal a single missile site, but analysts diid…
  • p. 188 …some Soviet airborne-missile fire-control systems. Operation GRAND SLAM, mission 4154 and the 24th deep…
  • p. 191 …key project personnel assembled in the Agency control center that morning (with the exception of Bissell…
  • p. 196 …in cor respondence with Abel's "wife., (probably his Soviet control) in East Germany. In November…
  • p. 204 …in .the DDP in order to maintain control of his overhead reconnais sance projects (the U…
  • p. 220 …Strongly favoring Air Force control of the U-2 missions over Cuba. the DOD representatives called…
  • p. 237 …In reality, however, the United States would maintain strict control over the missions to be flown…
  • p. 335 …The flood of information that the U-2 missions gathered led to a major expansion of…
  • p. 340 …In 1959 Bissell became Deputy Director for Plans but kept the reconnaissance projects under his control…
  • p. 348 …System-I used S- and X-band ELINT receivers to collect ground-controlled intercept and air…
  • p. 400 387 Sec1 et NOFORN mission 2023 108 mission 2029 124 mission 3086 200 mission 3088 200…
256
• • •
Secret NOFOAN
Chapter 5
U-2 ir;t- tlil!ht to its destination. The C-I41 carried support equipment
to theL ] In October I
[ es__· t_ ◊o__ _a_l_k_ ce _,_ 11 a __ f_d i_ io n__fe en lo _tc·a___t___r__ . _________,
No overseas deployment exercise was necessary in 1970, for ele
ments of Detachment G actually deployed overseas to provide photog
raphy of the Middle East. At the time. President Nixon's National
Security Adviser. Henry A. Kissinger, was mediating between the
Arabs and lsraelis in order to obtain a cease-fire along the Suez Canal.
where a virtual undeclared war was taking place . Once agreement was
reached in August, Kissinger promised both sides that the United
States would monitor the agreed upon 32-mile pullback from the wa
terway. Originally, Kissinger intended for photosatellites to do the
monitoring. One satellite was tasked to photograph the Suez Canal
area on 10 August, but the qual ity of its imagery lacked the detail
needed to discover such small targets as gun emplacements and jeeps.
In early A ugust , Kissinger asked the Air Force to provide U-2s
to overtly the Canal, but the A ir Force demurred, saying it would take
several weeks to move a U-2 detachment from Del Rio, Texas. to the
Middle East. At this point. DCI Helms told an NSC meeting that the
Agency's Detachment G at Edwards Air Force Base could deploy air-
craft to~-------------' and begin ti I ming the Suez
area with in the week. and it did. In fact. the first U-2 arrived in
r---Jonly 71 hours after receiv ing notification to deploy. Between
~st and 10 November 1970. Agency U-2s flew 29 missions over
the cease-fire zone as part of Project EVEN ST EVEN . Most flights
used the B camera. but 12 were equipped with the new, high-resolu
tion H camera. The EVEN STEVEN U-2s also employed a dozen
electron ic-intelligence-collection packages. from System-X to
System-XXIV. After 10 November 1970. Air Force SR-7 1s took over
the task of photographing the cease-fire zone.76
The M iddle East was again the cause of a Detachment G deploy
ment in October I 97~ wbea aoorbec Acab-l scaeli war bcol,e anr Two
U-2s d,eployed to the~----------------'~ n 7
and 8 October 1973. to be ready for possi ble coverage of the confl ict.
Detach rnent G received no such tasking. however. and the last of the
aircraft returned to California on 13 November. The 1973 war did
" Ibid.. pp. 5-6. 10- 11 tTS Co<.l.:word).
,. Ibid.. pp. 15-20 (TS Cod.:worJL
-Sec, cl--

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Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is under it. 406 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.