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CIA-UAP-003, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974

Central Intelligence Agency · 1954 · 406 pages · text from the file's own layer

This is a Secret History Staff monograph by Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach of the Central Intelligence Agency, published in 1992. It gives a history of the CIA's manned overhead reconnaissance program from 1954 to 1974, covering the development and operation of the U-2 and the A-12 OXCART aircraft. It covers overflights of the Soviet Union, the 1960 downing of Francis Gary Powers, and later operations. One section is titled "U-2s, UFOs, and Operation BLUE BOOK."

From the source:Release of 2026-06-12 This CIA History Staff document chronicles the complete history of the U-2 and OXCART (A-12) high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft programs from 1954 to 1974, detailing their development, operations over the Soviet Union and other targets worldwide, the famous downing of Francis Gary Powers in 1960, organizational reforms following that incident, and the eventual transfer of operations from CIA to Air Force control. A more redacted version of this document has been available on CIA's public website.

  • p. 223 …Rudolph Anderson. T his loss again illustrated the U-2's vulnerability to the SA-2…
  • p. 369 …American Civil War I Amory, Robert 114 Anderson, Rudolph 210 Andaya, Norway 172 "Angel", 45, 50…
189
denied areas, whether by pho1ographic, EUNT. COMfNT, infrared,
RADINT, or ocher means... The only exception to COMOR 's area of
responsibil ity was "reconnaissance and aerial surveillance in direct
support of actively combatant forces ." s,
By this lime the Air Force had developed a large overhead re
connaissance program of its own, including a fleet of U-2s, and, occa
sionally, there were conflicts between the areas of responsibili1y of
COM OR and the military services for colleccion requiremencs. The
Air Force had already won a major victory in 1958. when it claimed
that the While House had given responsibility for peripheral recon
naissance of the Soviet Union 10 the military. DCI Dulles, who was
always reluctan1 to become involved in matters that seemed to lie in
the military's area of responsibility, did not resist this clai m. and the
Ad Hoc Requirements Committee stopped preparing requirements for
peripheral flights. This ended a major requirements comm ittee study.
which sought to estimate what could be gained from U-2 oblique pho
tography along the entire border of the Soviet Union.5! The last CIA
U-2 miss ion along the Soviet Union's coasts occurred on 22 June
. 1958; thereafter, the only peripheral missions conducted by the CIA
were those along the Soviet Union·s southern border with Iran and
Afghanistan from bases in Pakistan and Turkey under covert arrange
ments with the host governments.
Until the spri ng of 1961 , there was virtually no coordination of
military reconnaissance activities, even within the individual services.
Each commander of a Theater or a Unified and Specified Command
conducted his own independent reconnaissance activities. To meet the
growing need for overall coordination of these activiti es at the na
tional level, the Joi nt Chiefs of Staff (JCS) established the Joint
Reconnaissance Center (JRC) under the J-3 (Operations) of the Joint
Staff. The JRC immed iately began to coordinate and obtain approval
for approximately 500 missions per month, assigning each a risk fac
tor of Critical. Sensitive, Unique, or Routi ne. The JRC then prepared
a monthly Activities Book giving details of the proposed missions
and briefed the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the more risky missions. The
C[A received a copy of the Activities Book.
" DCID '217. cffo::1.:tive 9 August 1960 (S ).
·'' Memorandum for DCI McCon.: from James Q. Reber. Chai rman. COMOR. "Proposo::<l
Procedure~ for Approval of Critical Reconnaissance. " 2 1 March 1962. COMIREX r~cor<ls
(TS Co<kwor<l).
See. et NOFORN
Chapter 4
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Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 406 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.