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CIA-UAP-003, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974

Central Intelligence Agency · 1954 · 406 pages · text from the file's own layer

This is a Secret History Staff monograph by Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach of the Central Intelligence Agency, published in 1992. It gives a history of the CIA's manned overhead reconnaissance program from 1954 to 1974, covering the development and operation of the U-2 and the A-12 OXCART aircraft. It covers overflights of the Soviet Union, the 1960 downing of Francis Gary Powers, and later operations. One section is titled "U-2s, UFOs, and Operation BLUE BOOK."

From the source:Release of 2026-06-12 This CIA History Staff document chronicles the complete history of the U-2 and OXCART (A-12) high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft programs from 1954 to 1974, detailing their development, operations over the Soviet Union and other targets worldwide, the famous downing of Francis Gary Powers in 1960, organizational reforms following that incident, and the eventual transfer of operations from CIA to Air Force control. A more redacted version of this document has been available on CIA's public website.

  • p. 9 …The struggle between the CIA and the US Air Force to control the U-2 and…
  • p. 72 …2 missions. Access to the photographs taken by the U-2 would be strictly controlled, which…
  • p. 73 …This pact gave the Air Force responsibility for pilot selection and training, weather information, mission plotting…
  • p. 81 …Before the start of a mission, the ground crew set the counters to indicate the total…
  • p. 96 …All of the products from this project would be placed in the new control sys tem…
  • p. 100 …This was an S-band radar used by Soviet forces for early warning and ground-controlled…
  • p. 113 …The President nevertheless maintained tight control over the program and authorized only 10 days of overflights…
  • p. 128 …following day, when the next U-2 mission f m the Middle East. After quickly developing…
  • p. 140 …Welzenbach (S); Mission folder 4020 ( 18 March 1957), OSA records, job 67-B-972, box 7…
  • p. 142 …where they would not interfere with the control surfaces. At the ends of these poles, completely…
  • p. 147 …To take ad vantage of these weaknesses, Detachment C staged three missions from Alaska into the…
  • p. 156 …After these missions, penetrat ion overflights became a rarity. There would be only six more during…
  • p. 167 …U-2 missions. To handle U-2 material, the British created a new control system, which…
  • p. 168 …The British missions would be operationally controlled by CIA project headquarters. Soon afterward four British pilots…
  • p. 169 …where the United Kingdom carried out 27 missions during the two years its pi lots took…
  • p. 170 157 Sec, et MOF'ORI\I Chapter 3 May 1959, and used to fly weather missions…
  • p. 180 …The excellent photography from tnis mission did not reveal a single missile site, but analysts diid…
  • p. 188 …some Soviet airborne-missile fire-control systems. Operation GRAND SLAM, mission 4154 and the 24th deep…
  • p. 191 …key project personnel assembled in the Agency control center that morning (with the exception of Bissell…
  • p. 196 …in cor respondence with Abel's "wife., (probably his Soviet control) in East Germany. In November…
  • p. 204 …in .the DDP in order to maintain control of his overhead reconnais sance projects (the U…
  • p. 220 …Strongly favoring Air Force control of the U-2 missions over Cuba. the DOD representatives called…
  • p. 237 …In reality, however, the United States would maintain strict control over the missions to be flown…
  • p. 335 …The flood of information that the U-2 missions gathered led to a major expansion of…
  • p. 340 …In 1959 Bissell became Deputy Director for Plans but kept the reconnaissance projects under his control…
  • p. 348 …System-I used S- and X-band ELINT receivers to collect ground-controlled intercept and air…
  • p. 400 387 Sec1 et NOFORN mission 2023 108 mission 2029 124 mission 3086 200 mission 3088 200…
175
hours on the ground. Originally scheduled for Thursday, 28 April,
GRAND SLAM was canceled because of bad weather over the north
ern Soviet Union. This had been the case for the past several weeks.
When this flight was canceled, the U-2 returned to Adana before sun
rise. That evening the U-2 flew back to Peshawar for another attempt
to stage the mission early on the 29th, but bad weather again forced
cancellation of the mission, and the U-2 returned to Adana. Because
of continued bad weather over the target areas, no mission was
planned for Saturday, 30 April. 20
Meanwhile, the plane ferried to Peshawar on 27 and 28 April
had accumulated so many hours of flight time that it had to be
removed from service for periodic maintenance. A different aircraft
was, therefore, ferried to Peshawar on Saturday night, 30 April. This
aircraft, article 360, had made a crash landing in Japan during the pre
vious September (see chapter 5). Although it had been refurbished by
Lockheed and now had the more powerful 175 engine that would give
it greater altitude, pilots did not completely trust this aircraft and con
sidered it a "hangar queen." As Powers noted in his memoirs, .. Its
current idiosyncrasy was one of the fuel tanks, which wouldn't feed
all its fuel." 27 The aircraft was equipped with a B-model camera. a
System-YI electronic intelligence unit, and a System-lXB device,
which generated false-angle information in response to the radar
pulses used by some Soviet airborne-missile fire-control systems.
Operation GRAND SLAM, mission 4154 and the 24th deep-pen
etration overflight of the Soviet Union, began almost 30 minutes late
on Sunday, I May 1960, a delay due to difficulty in getting takeoff
approval from Washington. This delay was caused by
communications problems that are typical at sunrise and sunset
during spring and autumn, when the ionosphere will not support reli
able communications. In attempting to relay the authorization mes
sage, the radio operator in Adana was unable to reach the base in
Peshawar, whose codename was HBJARGON. Realizing that neither
the prearranged nighttime nor daytime frequencies were working, the
operator began sending a message in the clear, using one of the guard
frequencies in the transition area between the daytime and nighttime
frequencies. The radio operators at Peshawar kept hearing the Morse
'' Mission folder -115-1 ( I May 1960). OSA records (TS Codeword).
" Powers. Operation Overflight, p. 76.
Sect et N6f6RN
Chapter 4
Se&ret

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Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 406 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.