Documents / Official release

CIA-UAP-003, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974

Central Intelligence Agency · 1954 · 406 pages · text from the file's own layer

This is a Secret History Staff monograph by Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach of the Central Intelligence Agency, published in 1992. It gives a history of the CIA's manned overhead reconnaissance program from 1954 to 1974, covering the development and operation of the U-2 and the A-12 OXCART aircraft. It covers overflights of the Soviet Union, the 1960 downing of Francis Gary Powers, and later operations. One section is titled "U-2s, UFOs, and Operation BLUE BOOK."

From the source:Release of 2026-06-12 This CIA History Staff document chronicles the complete history of the U-2 and OXCART (A-12) high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft programs from 1954 to 1974, detailing their development, operations over the Soviet Union and other targets worldwide, the famous downing of Francis Gary Powers in 1960, organizational reforms following that incident, and the eventual transfer of operations from CIA to Air Force control. A more redacted version of this document has been available on CIA's public website.

  • p. 78 …U-2 pilots Carmine Vi10. Hervey Stockman. Jacob Krall. and Gkndon Dunaway 10 Donald E. Wel1…
  • p. 92 …The pilot, Jacob Kratt, later reported to Cunningham that, from the beginning of the first flameout…
  • p. 129 …On I I September, Detachment A pilot Jacob Kratt overflew the French Mediterranean naval base at…
  • p. 162 …and the Air "u Information supplied by Jacob Kratt and James Cherbonneaux to Donald E. Wt…
  • p. 383 …Union 172 Krag, Jens Otto 299 Kratt, Jacob 65, 79, I 16 Kremlin 123 Kunming, China…
149
Seer et N6F6RN
Chapter 3
speed, apply full throttle to the engine, then pull back on the stick and
zoom as high as he could. In this manner the Soviet pilot hoped to
come up directly beneath the U-2 so he could use his guns and mis
siles against the shiny U-2 etched in silver against the dark blue-black
of space. Using this maneuver, some MiGs were able to climb as high
as the U-2 but seldom got very close. At this height the MiGs were
completely out of control; their small, swept-back wings provided in
sufficient lift; and their control surfaces were too small to maintain
aircraft stability. U-2 pilots often spotted MiGs that reached the apex
of their zoom climbs and then fell away toward the earth. The US pi
lots' greatest fear was that one of the MiGs would actually collide
with a U-2 during a zoom climb. 1().1
U-2 pilots complained that they felt like ducks in a shooting gal
lery under these circumstances and suggested that the underside of the
silvery aircraft be camouflaged in some manner. Kelly Johnson had
originally believed the U-2 would fly so high that it would be invisi
ble, thus eliminating the need to paint the aircraft and thereby avoid
ing the added weight and drag that paint produced. The paint penalty
was calculated to be a foot of altitude for every pound of paint. A full
_ c_O;J.t of paint cost the U-2 250 feet of altitude, substantially less than
the L,500-foot penalty paid for the addition of dirty bird-devices.
By late 1957, Johnson agreed that something had to be done.
After a series of tests over Edwards AFB, Lockheed began coating
the U-2s with a standard blue-black military specification paint on top
and a lighter cloud-blue paint below. Subsequent tests over Nevada
revealed that the U-2s were less conspicuous when painted all over
with a matte-finish blue-black color, which helped them blend with
k fthe dar canopy o space. 105
MORE POWERFUL ENGINES FOR THE U-2
Less conspicuous paints were not the only answer to the growing
threat of Soviet interceptors. A more powerful engine would increase
the U-2's maximum altitude, which was the surest way to protect the
aircraft from all Soviet threats. During late 1958 and early 1959,
Lockheed began refitting the Agency's 13 remaining U-2s
originally the Agency had taken delivery of 20 planes and the Air
"u Information supplied by Jacob Kratt and James Cherbonneaux to Donald E.
Wt:lz.:nbach, May 1986.
"" Lockheed contracts, OSA r.:cords (S).
Seeret

Not linked to a story yet.

About this file

Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 406 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.