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CIA-UAP-003, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974

Central Intelligence Agency · 1954 · 406 pages · text from the file's own layer

This is a Secret History Staff monograph by Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach of the Central Intelligence Agency, published in 1992. It gives a history of the CIA's manned overhead reconnaissance program from 1954 to 1974, covering the development and operation of the U-2 and the A-12 OXCART aircraft. It covers overflights of the Soviet Union, the 1960 downing of Francis Gary Powers, and later operations. One section is titled "U-2s, UFOs, and Operation BLUE BOOK."

From the source:Release of 2026-06-12 This CIA History Staff document chronicles the complete history of the U-2 and OXCART (A-12) high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft programs from 1954 to 1974, detailing their development, operations over the Soviet Union and other targets worldwide, the famous downing of Francis Gary Powers in 1960, organizational reforms following that incident, and the eventual transfer of operations from CIA to Air Force control. A more redacted version of this document has been available on CIA's public website.

  • p. 11 …At great risk, US Air Force and Navy aircraft had been conducting peripheral reconnaissance and shallow…
  • p. 16 …As a result, in the late 1940s, the US Air Force and Navy began trying to…
  • p. 17 …Two months later, on 7 October 1952, Soviet fighter aircraft stalked and shot down a US…
  • p. 72 …The terminology used to describe U-2 aircraft and pilots also played a part in maintaining…
  • p. 94 …The committee issued its l ist of cargets for the use of the entire intelli gence…
  • p. 147 …The Agency then turned co the Navy, which granted permission for Detachmernt C to use the…
  • p. 180 …James Doolittle urged President Eisenhower to use overflights of the Soviet Union to the maximum degree…
  • p. 223 …by Air Force and Navy reconnais sance aircraft. President Kennedy used NPIC photographs to i llustrate…
  • p. 273 …Charyk, and his Navy counterpart, Garrison Norton. Designers from several air craft manufacturers also attended some…
  • p. 283 …This engine had originally been developed for the Navy's large, jet-powered flying boat, the…
  • p. 297 …The need for additional bui ldings on the base was met by the Navy. Three surplus…
  • p. 298 …After hearing Bissell and Holcomb's suggestion that the 158 might be used in future Navy…
  • p. 348 …Following modifications to make System-VII suitable for use by the Navy, the designation was changed…
  • p. 353 …In 1968 tests on an AQUILINE prototype at Randsburg Wash on the US Navy's Naval…
  • p. 401 …247, 328 US Marine Corps Reserve 14 US Military Academy at West Point 329 US Navy…
115
The Suez Crisjs was a major turning point in the use of the U-2
airplane. Before this crisis, the U-2 had been seen solely as a collector
of strategic intelligence, with high-quality results considered more
important than speed. U-2 film had, therefore, been returned to the
manufacturer for optimum development and then interpreted in
Washington using the most up-to-date devices. Now. because of the
Middle East crisis, Project AQUATONE was expected to perform like
a tactical reconnaissance unit, developing film immediately after
landing for instant interpretation or "readout." Photo-Intelligence
Division personnel assigned to Project HTAUTOMAT (U-2 film ex
ploitation), therefore, had to arrange for forward processing of the
U-2 film to avoid unacceptable delays in providing intelligence on
tactical developments around Suez.
PIO acted quickly co carry out its new assignment. Lundahl and
Reber flew from the United Kingdom to US Air Force Europe head
quarters in Wiesbaden on 12 September to make arrangements for
processing and inte retin U-2 film in West Gennany. They had
C
been preceded by:.,;--,r;,.,.-.,...,..-,.-,.,..,....,-..,.1 hief of PIO's Special · Projects
Branch. Following eta1 e sions with Air Force photo-
. intelligence personnel, the CIA representatives arranged to use a por
tion of a nea,by Air F-; photo laboratory for developing U-2 film.
With the assistance ofl lchi7~TAUTOMAT
photo laboratory, and 1r t-orce personnel,L__J had the lab
ready for processing on the following day, when the next U-2 mission
f m the Middle East. After quickly developing the film,
d his joint staff of CIA and armed forces personnel stud-
1 d 1t or indications of British and French preparations for hostilities
and sent their first report to Washington on 15 September.
Although the Air Force provided considerable assistance in es
tablishing! [photo laboratory, Air Force officials did not
like the idea of CIA personnel controlling overseas photo processing
and interpretation centers, which were normally under Air Force con
trol. Further negotiations led to a CIA-Air Force agreement at the end
of October. under which the Air Force would name the commanding
officer for such installations and the CIA would designate the deputy,
who was responsible for technical and intelligence matters:'
PIO soon added two photointerpreters and a lab technician to the
West German operation, which continued to develop and interpret
U-2 photography of the Middle East throughout September and
' ' Ibid.. pp. 49-52 (S).
~etNOFORN
Chapter 3
Geeret

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Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is under it. 406 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.