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AAWSAP DIRD, Laser Lightcraft Nanosatellites, November 2010

U.S. Department of War · 2010-11-01 · 77 pages · text from the file's own layer

This Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIA-08-1011-001), dated 1 November 2010, was prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Defense Warning Office under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications program. It covers nanosatellite technologies, laser Lightcraft propulsion, a weapon mission selection study and a multi-megawatt laser study. The author recommends that the Department of Defense, working with NASA, bring laser Lightcraft propulsion research back to the United States and restart the Air Force X-50LR test flight program.

From the source:Release of 2026-09-18 Incident: 11/1/10, Las Vegas, Nevada. Released with redactions. This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed. This DIRD examines laser-propelled “Lightcraft” as a possible low-cost method to launch very small satellites into low Earth orbit by using a remote high-energy laser to supply most of the propulsion energy rather than relying entirely on onboard energy sources. The report combines a survey of nanosatellite trends with a review of “Lightcraft” propulsion concepts, vehicle design, beam-control requirements, and mission studies, and argues that the most promising application is the launch of nano- or pico-satellites, especially Earth- and space-observing payloads of a few kilograms or less. It presents the concept as potentially much cheaper than conventional multistage rockets for very small payloads, while also noting significant practical constraints including strict beam-riding geometry, atmospheric losses, demanding pointing and adaptive-optics requirements, and heavy dependence on large ground-, sea-, or air-based laser infrastructure. Overall, the document presents laser “Lightcraft” as a technically plausible launch concept whose attractiveness depends on whether the supporting laser and beam-control system can be made reliable and economical at operational scale.

  • p. 2 …a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010 under the Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense…
  • p. 5 …the mission operational costs for tracking and managing a constellation. To reduce overall mission cost, advanced…
  • p. 8 …being the biggest drivers. Advanced microelectronic solutions are being developed to meet these challenges. The microelectronics…
  • p. 9 …The RHrFPGA also allows concurrent design by decoupling the logic design from the module, shortens the…
  • p. 12 …However, "receiver-on-a-chip" technology has advanced to the point where including a receiver onboard…
  • p. 17 …the NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center and the Propulsion Sciences and Advanced Concepts Division of the…
  • p. 55 …remove and store the waste heat produced by BSSSL devices. General Atomics' Advanced Power Systems Division…
  • p. 56 …ics' advanced t hermal energy st orage device will also dramat ically improve the cost competitiveness…
  • p. 64 …and testing of advanced high-energy/high-power FEL designs for the purpose of deploying them…
  • p. 66 …High-Power FEL Optical Resonator {courtesy of the Naval Post-Graduate School FEL Lab). ESTIMATED PAYLOAD…
  • p. 72 …The system is single-stage-to-orbit and completely reusable with no onboard propellant required (the…
  • p. 75 …Laser Propulsion Q Advanced Applications," in Vision-21: Space Travel for the Next Millennium, edited by…
  • p. 76 …B. (2000), Aviation Week & Space Technology Magazine article on the 2001 Report of the Commission to…
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Chapter 5: Conclusion
To reduce mission costs, advanced technology components and a novel laser propulsion
system can make nanosats (and picosats) compact, lightweight, low power, and low
cost. By producing a large quantity of nanosats for a given mission, the per-unit cost
will be reduced to a small fraction of satellite procurements for traditional missions.
Mission operation costs will be minimized by the incorporation of both onboard and
ground autonomy, use of heuristic systems, and use of a novel laser propulsion system
to launch the nanosats into LEO. Laser propulsion is an enabling technology in which a
laser-propelled vehicle, called "Lightcraft," harnesses the energy of a high-energy laser
beam and converts it into propulsive thrust.
The laser-propelled Lightcraft is an ETO transportation system that develops quasi
steady (airbreathing) thrust by pulsing at a variable rate along the fl ight trajectory to
orbit, and then when it climbs above the atmosphere it begins to operate in the thermal
rocket mode using onboard propellant to convert and expand the laser energy for
propulsion. The Lightcraft is spin-stabilized and can be launched vertically upward or
on a slant upward trajectory, hover in mid-air, and undergo powered descent and
landing. The system is single-stage-to-orbit and completely reusable with no onboard
propellant required (the reaction mass is free air), except for the small internal amount
of propellant needed for final ascent to orbit and orbital maneuvering. MEMS FEEP
thrusters could provide onboard attitude and stationkeeping propulsion. The Lightcraft
specific impulse is essentially infinite (several thousand seconds in rocket mode), wh ile
payload mass fractions are 50% to 95%.
Laser-propelled Lightcraft systems are simple, reliable, safe, environmenta lly clean, and
could have a very high all azimuth on-demand launch rate. This novel propulsion
system reduces space launch costs by two to three orders of magnitude below today's
levels, with estimated launch costs of $20 per kg to $600 per kg of payload, not
including life-cycle and recurring launch operations costs. The entire Lightcraft launch
system is comprised of a ground, sea, or airborne laser beam generator consisting of a
power supply, a high-power (megawatt-class) laser beam generator/transmitter using
novel beam optics, and automated tracking, hand-off and safety systems.
The most promising military mission for laser-propelled Lightcraft is the placement of
Earth and space observing nano-/pico-satellites of up to 3 kg mass into LEO. Such
Lightcraft could also serve as a "Lightsat," because it would use the Lightcraft's laser
propulsion optics as a telescope for observing military targets on Earth and in space.
Such a Lightcraft system appears capable of reaching LEO at 1/Sth to 1/l0th the cost
required for placing a sim ilar Lightsat system into LEO using multistage chemical rocket
systems. Other potentia l missions inclu de using laser-propelled Lightcraft as
ground/sea- or airborne-launched kinetic kill weapons to shoot down enemy ballistic
missiles. Very innovative near-term missions cou ld also include deploying Lightcraft
nano-/pico-satellites to form swarms of small spacecraft which cooperate coherently to
form a real distributed system in wh ich the whole is more than the sum of the parts .
This would be a constellation of small spacecraft each performing its separate function,
but these functions combine to create at a central location a much larger virtual
spacecraft, or sensor aperture, that exists solely because of the cooperation of the
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Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 77 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.