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AAWSAP DIRD, Laser Lightcraft Nanosatellites, November 2010

U.S. Department of War · 2010-11-01 · 77 pages · text from the file's own layer

This Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIA-08-1011-001), dated 1 November 2010, was prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Defense Warning Office under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications program. It covers nanosatellite technologies, laser Lightcraft propulsion, a weapon mission selection study and a multi-megawatt laser study. The author recommends that the Department of Defense, working with NASA, bring laser Lightcraft propulsion research back to the United States and restart the Air Force X-50LR test flight program.

From the source:Release of 2026-09-18 Incident: 11/1/10, Las Vegas, Nevada. Released with redactions. This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed. This DIRD examines laser-propelled “Lightcraft” as a possible low-cost method to launch very small satellites into low Earth orbit by using a remote high-energy laser to supply most of the propulsion energy rather than relying entirely on onboard energy sources. The report combines a survey of nanosatellite trends with a review of “Lightcraft” propulsion concepts, vehicle design, beam-control requirements, and mission studies, and argues that the most promising application is the launch of nano- or pico-satellites, especially Earth- and space-observing payloads of a few kilograms or less. It presents the concept as potentially much cheaper than conventional multistage rockets for very small payloads, while also noting significant practical constraints including strict beam-riding geometry, atmospheric losses, demanding pointing and adaptive-optics requirements, and heavy dependence on large ground-, sea-, or air-based laser infrastructure. Overall, the document presents laser “Lightcraft” as a technically plausible launch concept whose attractiveness depends on whether the supporting laser and beam-control system can be made reliable and economical at operational scale.

  • p. 8 …The sensor must be capable of detecting Earth over a range of orbital radii with a…
  • p. 17 …For the purpose of this report, we envision a Lightcraft Earth-to-Orbit (ETO) transportation system…
  • p. 23 …kg, and 1.0 kg into low Earth orbit (LEO). And preliminary life-cycle cost estimates…
  • p. 34 …not only placing nanosats into LEO at low cost (Figure 14 ), but also for performing much…
  • p. 42 …Each picosat is gravity gradient stable, has a dipole array facing Earth, and a broader beam…
  • p. 43 …orrlCIAE USE 014Lf pushbroom scanning mode for complete Earth coverage rather than only sampling coverage. The…
  • p. 72 …The system is single-stage-to-orbit and completely reusable with no onboard propellant required (the…
  • p. 75 …J., et al. (1991), "System Requirements for Low-Earth-Orbit Launch Using Laser Propulsion," in Proc…
UNCLASSIFIED//rOR: orrlCIAE USE 014Lf
pushbroom scanning mode for complete Earth coverage rather than only sampling
coverage.
The constellation/array implementation is similar to that of the preceding concept (High
Resolution Surface Sampling Radiometry section), except that tethers hold a receiving
array that must be 2 km long to obtain the 1,200 km instantaneous swath width with a
resolution of 100 m. It consists of a 2 km long focal surface with 12,000 printed
dipoles, shaped into a focal surface by gravity gradient forces balanced against
magnetic forces from a superconducting conductor around its periphery, acting on a
piezoelectric, electron beam-shaped, adaptive membrane substrate. The large antenna
is formed by a swarm of tiny elements making up the lens of a space-fed array.
The antenna is a 4 km x 6 km diameter, sparse, self-cohering array formed from
12,000 picosats weighing 23 grams each, rotating in relative coordinates in a plane
around a central orbit point. The picosats are similar to those of the preceding concept
(High Resolution Surface Sampling Radiometry section). Their locations are initially
selected to lie in a plane, and their spacings are pseudorandom to minimize the
sidelobe levels, with each picosat designed to loosely stationkeep inside a box 10 m on
a side. The relative positions of these picosat elements changes slowly, and only small
and infrequent stationkeeping propulsive maneuvers are needed for constellation
maintenance.
The effective collecting aperture of the array is the sum of those of the picosats, and in
this concept, equal to that of an equivalent 6 m diameter antenna at 2 GHz . However,
the coverage spot diameter is set by the total aperture diameter of 4 km x 6 km, and
thus is 100 m at 2 GHz from a 4,000 km orbit. Five constellation/arrays would produce
100% global coverage with 5 hour revisit for time critical measurements. The entire
constellation weighs 3,000 kg, but that could be reduced in the future to 30 kg if
Buckytubes are used to construct the system.
ROTATING NANOSAT SWARM DISTRIBUTED RADAR
An extremely powerful space-based radar, this concept would allow detection of most
air, land, sea, and space targets, as well as many "low observable" targets anywhere,
with one or a few constellations in GEO. A large, sparse array antenna using a swarm
of nanosats creates a space-based radar system. The constellation/array
implementation is similar to that of the preceding rotating swarm concepts, except that
it generates and radiates extremely large peak and average powers, and given the
generally high angles of viewing can detect and track many air, space, and surface
targets from GEO.
The constellation is composed of 10,000 nanosats that are self-contained repeater
spacecraft weighing about 1 kg each. Each nanosat receives the ground signal,
digitizes, delays, and retransmits it, causing it to arrive at the feeds at the same time
as a direct ray through the center of the array. The time delay of each nanosat is self
computed based on its location in the swarm, as measured by a loca l DGPS-like
navigation signal, to compensate for its deviation from its assigned ideal location.
Commands for beam sweep delays are superimposed on the time delays of each
nanosat. Each nanosat generates 10 W of average power and 10 kW peak power at
UNCLASSIFIED//FOR 061ilCl.li.k W&& 8Ptl'l
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Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 77 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.