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AAWSAP DIRD, Laser Lightcraft Nanosatellites, November 2010

U.S. Department of War · 2010-11-01 · 77 pages · text from the file's own layer

This Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIA-08-1011-001), dated 1 November 2010, was prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Defense Warning Office under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications program. It covers nanosatellite technologies, laser Lightcraft propulsion, a weapon mission selection study and a multi-megawatt laser study. The author recommends that the Department of Defense, working with NASA, bring laser Lightcraft propulsion research back to the United States and restart the Air Force X-50LR test flight program.

From the source:Release of 2026-09-18 Incident: 11/1/10, Las Vegas, Nevada. Released with redactions. This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed. This DIRD examines laser-propelled “Lightcraft” as a possible low-cost method to launch very small satellites into low Earth orbit by using a remote high-energy laser to supply most of the propulsion energy rather than relying entirely on onboard energy sources. The report combines a survey of nanosatellite trends with a review of “Lightcraft” propulsion concepts, vehicle design, beam-control requirements, and mission studies, and argues that the most promising application is the launch of nano- or pico-satellites, especially Earth- and space-observing payloads of a few kilograms or less. It presents the concept as potentially much cheaper than conventional multistage rockets for very small payloads, while also noting significant practical constraints including strict beam-riding geometry, atmospheric losses, demanding pointing and adaptive-optics requirements, and heavy dependence on large ground-, sea-, or air-based laser infrastructure. Overall, the document presents laser “Lightcraft” as a technically plausible launch concept whose attractiveness depends on whether the supporting laser and beam-control system can be made reliable and economical at operational scale.

  • p. 40 …FUTURE NANO-/PICO-SATELLITE MISSION CONCEPTS Coherently cooperating "swarms" are a novel innovation for replaci ng…
  • p. 72 …to form swarms of small spacecraft which cooperate coherently to form a real distributed system in…
UNCLASSIFIED//rOR: orrlCIAL USE O14Lf
incrementally emplaced, upgraded, and even funded with capability growing as budget
is available, as opposed to the usual all-or-nothing functioning of today's spacecraft.
The antenna size is 20 km x 40 km and contains 150,000 picosats, each of which
weighs 23 grams. The feed array is held in position by a 50 km long, lightweight tether
against a counterweight. There is no truss or other structure. Each picosat is gravity
gradient stable, has a dipole array facing Earth, and a broader beam antenna array
facing the receivers.
The effective collecting aperture of the array is equal to that of an equivalent 80 m
diameter filled aperture antenna. The coverage spot diameter can be varied by
choosing the diameter of the array that is active, with spot sizes on Earth as small as
30 m at 10 GHz, 300 m at 1 GHz, or 3 km at 100 MHz. It can receive sub-watt signals
from individual cell phones. The entire constellation weighs 3,500 kg, but that could be
reduced in the future to 35 kg if Buckytubes are used to construct the system .
HIGH RESOLUTION SURFACE SAMPLING RADIOMETRY
Highly sensitive radiometry at low microwave frequencies with a small ground foot-print
would result in high resolution microwave radiometry sampling maps of soil moisture
and other surface characteristics, as well as passively detected larger targets. The
constellation/array implementation follows that of the preceding concept (Future Nano
/Pico-Satellite Mission Concepts section), except that it is designed to map the surface
radiation rather than detect discrete emitters. The antenna size is 8 km x 12 km and
contains 12,000 picosats, each of which weighs 23 grams. The feed array is held in
position by a 40 km long, lightweight tether against a counterweight. The constellation
scans its coverage spot electronically in a 1,200 km zig-zag swath from its 4,000 km
orbit by modulating the time or frequency shift of the ensemble of picosats. These
picosats are similar to those in the Rotating Picosat Swarm Array Radio Frequency
Collector section.
The effective collecting aperture of the array is the sum of those of the picosats, and in
this example, equal to that of an equivalent 11 m diameter antenna. However, the
coverage spot diameter is set by the total aperture diameter of 8 km x 12 km, and
thus is 100 m at 1 GHz. Five constellation/arrays would result in a 5 hour global revisit
with zig-zag coverage of the scanned swaths. The entire constellation weighs 3,000 kg,
but that could be reduced in the future to 30 kg if Buckytubes are used to construct the
system.
HIGH RESOLUTION SURFACE MAPPING RADIOMETRY
Highly sensitive radiometry at low microwave frequencies with a very small foot-print
on the ground would result in high resolution microwave rad iometry maps of soil
moisture and other surface characteristics and passively detected larger targets, with
100% of Earth's surface mapped with a 5 hour revisit time. The principle of operation
is the same as that of the previous concept (High Resolution Surface Sampling
Radiometry section), except that a multiple element detector array is used in a
UNCLASSIFIED/fFOA QFFH31AL ~81!! 8HLY
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Official release, from the pursue collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 77 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.