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This Defense Intelligence Reference Document, dated 31 March 2010 and numbered DIA-08-1003-020, was prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Defense Warning Office under its Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program. It surveys biosensors and biomedical microelectromechanical systems, covering brain-implanted micromachine neuroelectrodes, drug-delivery pumps, glucose sensors, neural interfaces, retinal prostheses, microfluidic lab chips, NASA cell-culture systems and microcantilever sensors. It concludes that the field is expanding rapidly, with nanomechanical systems expected to follow.
From the source: Release of 2026-09-18 Incident: 3/31/10, Las Vegas, Nevada. Released with redactions. This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed. This DIRD surveys biosensors and BioMEMS, a broad class of miniature biomedical devices that combine microscale engineering with sensing, fluid handling, stimulation, or drug-delivery functions. The report reviews major application areas including implantable blood-chemistry sensors, neural interfaces, neurostimulation, drug-delivery pumps, microfluidic systems, and emerging nanoscale extensions of the field, while emphasizing that miniaturization can improve sensitivity and enable functions that are difficult or impossible at larger scales. However, it also makes clear that practical development is constrained by biocompatibility, long-term stability, sensor drift, device degradation inside the body, and the high regulatory burden associated with implantable medical systems. The document presents BioMEMS as a rapidly growing and productive field whose future advances are likely to come through continued improvements in fabrication, materials, and reliability.
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NASA Space Applications for Microfluidic Systems ................... .. ....... ......... .... .. 34
Microcantilever MEMs Sensors .. ............ ...... .............. ... ... ...... .... ............ .... ........... 36
Conclusion ....... .............. .... .................... .............. .... ............................................. 39
Figures
Figure 1. Varieties of BioMEMS and Sensors ........................................................... 2
Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of a MEMS Motor Complete With a Method of
Figure 7. An ISFET (Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor) Needle-Type pH Sensor
Figure 9. Control of an Insulin-Delivery System by an Implantable Glucose
Figure 2. Functional MEMS Micromachines At tached to Sensing Bioelectrodes... .... 5
Converting Oscillatory Motion to Linear Motion ....................................... 5
Figure 4 . Illustration of the Basic Physical Principle of the BioMEMS Motor ..... ...... 6
Figure 5. Close-up Views of the Micro-Motor Gear .......... .... ................... ... .......... .... 6
Figu r e 6. An Insulin MEMS Pump ............................................................................ 8
for Monitoring Tissue Physiologic Status ............................................... 11
Figure 8. A Fiber Optical Oxygen Sensor .............................................................. 12
Sensor ................................................................................................... 13
Figure 10. Glucose Oxidase .................................................................................. 14
Figure 11. An Experimental MEMS Blood Glucose Sensor ..................................... 15
Figure 12. Photomicrograph ................................................................................. 16
Figure 13. A MEMS Thermopile Glucose Sensor .................................................... 17
Figure 15. Thermopile Glucose Sensor (left) With Functional Illustration (right)
Figure 16. Photograph and Illustration of the Thermopile Glucose Sensor in a
Figure 18. A Neural Cell Showing Dendritic Inter-Connections That are Electrically
Figure 14. Illustration of the Thermocouple Principle .......................................... 18
are Made Using Photolithographic Techniques .................................... 19
Catheter .............................................................................................. 19
Figure 17. A MEMS Biopotential Electrode System ................................................ 20
Active With Other Cells........................................................................ 21
Figure 19. A Neuroprosthetic Interface ................................................................ 22
Figure 20. Scanning Electron Micrograph of a Brain Electrode Array Manufactured
From Titanium and Produced by a Process of Electrodischarge
Figure 21. Scanning Electron Micrograph of a 1141 Electrode Array Made to Be
Figure 22. Polymer Based Cortical Penetrating Neuroelectrodes Made by Processes
Figure 23. A MEMS Microelectrode Array Implanted Into the Cortex of a Rat Brain
Figure 26. An Illustration of the Retinal Neuroprosthesis Created by the Boston
Figure 27. Power Transfer by Magnetic Induction to an Implanted BioMEMS Retinal
Figure 28. A New Generation of Implantable Neurostimulation Devices Can Pass
Figure 29. Illustration of the Internal Construction of the Ultrasound Powered
Machining ............................................................................................ 23
Inserted Into the Surface of the Human Brain .................................... 25
of Thin Film Deposition and RF Etching ............................................... 26
............................................................................................................ 27
Figure 24. A Representation of the Retinal Prosthesis ......................................... 28
Figure 25. A BioMEMS Fabricated 4x4 Microelectrode Retinal Array..................... 28
Implant Project ................................................................................... 29
Prosthesis ........................................................................................... 30
Through the Lumen of a Syringe Needle .............................................. 31
Neurostimulator Developed at ASU ..................................................... 32
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