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This Defense Intelligence Reference Document, dated 31 March 2010 and numbered DIA-08-1003-020, was prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Defense Warning Office under its Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program. It surveys biosensors and biomedical microelectromechanical systems, covering brain-implanted micromachine neuroelectrodes, drug-delivery pumps, glucose sensors, neural interfaces, retinal prostheses, microfluidic lab chips, NASA cell-culture systems and microcantilever sensors. It concludes that the field is expanding rapidly, with nanomechanical systems expected to follow.
From the source:Release of 2026-09-18 Incident: 3/31/10, Las Vegas, Nevada. Released with redactions. This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed. This DIRD surveys biosensors and BioMEMS, a broad class of miniature biomedical devices that combine microscale engineering with sensing, fluid handling, stimulation, or drug-delivery functions. The report reviews major application areas including implantable blood-chemistry sensors, neural interfaces, neurostimulation, drug-delivery pumps, microfluidic systems, and emerging nanoscale extensions of the field, while emphasizing that miniaturization can improve sensitivity and enable functions that are difficult or impossible at larger scales. However, it also makes clear that practical development is constrained by biocompatibility, long-term stability, sensor drift, device degradation inside the body, and the high regulatory burden associated with implantable medical systems. The document presents BioMEMS as a rapidly growing and productive field whose future advances are likely to come through continued improvements in fabrication, materials, and reliability.
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Variations of pacemaker devices are used in brain neurostimulation for treatment of
Parkinson's disease characterized by the involuntary tremors of the hands and body. In
this case the battery pack must be placed outside the brain, typically in the upper chest
and a long catheter wire tunneled through tissues to the specific parts of the brain to be
treated.
Research at Arizona State University has
been directed towards overcoming the
problems of bulk and need for battery
replacement through an approach where
the implanted neurostimulation devices
are made exceptionally small and where
they derive their power by a process of
induction from the outside of the body.
Figure 28 shows one of these devices.
The tiny size of the device reduces tissue
trauma upon insertion. Small electrodes
at either end of the device contact neural
tissue and apply electrical stimulating
pulses.
The patient wears a type of powering Figure 28. A New Generation of Implantable
patch on his body over the micro-implant Neurostimulation Devices Can Pass Through the
and is supplied by a small cell-phone like Lumen of a Syringe Needle. This device was made at
ASU and is powered by ultrasound energy. (Towe et al.)device having batteries that provides the
energy for driving the patch.
A coin-sized transducer on the skin directs ultrasound energy at about 1 MHz frequency
towards an implanted microdevice.
A type of piezoelectric plastic material known as PVDF is configured as a ultrasound
receiver and works to change pulses of the sound wave energy into a rectified electrical
current. This current is then used to stimulate tissues.
Due to the fact that ultrasound is a mechanical vibration and carries significant energy
in a vibrating wave, the energy transfer across the skin can be more easily achieved
than magnetic induction to a similar depth and size and so provide the needed currents
for neurostimulation.
Figure 29 shows a bioelectrical stimulator configuration. The implanted device is 0.9
mm x 1.2 mm and conta ins a Schottky diode . The piezoelectric output current response
of PVDF to the ultrasound is increased by stacking thin 25 micron sheets of the material
connected so they are in electrical parallel . With bonding layer thicknesses in - between,
the overall thickness of the stack is on the order of 250-350 microns and forms a solid
structure.
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