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This Defense Intelligence Reference Document, dated 31 March 2010 and numbered DIA-08-1003-020, was prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency's Defense Warning Office under its Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program. It surveys biosensors and biomedical microelectromechanical systems, covering brain-implanted micromachine neuroelectrodes, drug-delivery pumps, glucose sensors, neural interfaces, retinal prostheses, microfluidic lab chips, NASA cell-culture systems and microcantilever sensors. It concludes that the field is expanding rapidly, with nanomechanical systems expected to follow.
From the source:Release of 2026-09-18 Incident: 3/31/10, Las Vegas, Nevada. Released with redactions. This document is a Defense Intelligence Reference Document (DIRD), a technical reference format used by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to capture baseline knowledge on a specific topic for later analytic use. DIRDs are best understood as reference and synthesis products rather than as original research. It is one of 38 DIRDs produced under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) between 2009 and 2011. Because AAWSAP’s scope permitted a broad range of supporting topics, not every DIRD in the series directly concerns aerospace systems or future threat assessment. The following summary reflects the DIRD’s scope and framing at the time of writing and should not be read as implying current validation of the concepts discussed. This DIRD surveys biosensors and BioMEMS, a broad class of miniature biomedical devices that combine microscale engineering with sensing, fluid handling, stimulation, or drug-delivery functions. The report reviews major application areas including implantable blood-chemistry sensors, neural interfaces, neurostimulation, drug-delivery pumps, microfluidic systems, and emerging nanoscale extensions of the field, while emphasizing that miniaturization can improve sensitivity and enable functions that are difficult or impossible at larger scales. However, it also makes clear that practical development is constrained by biocompatibility, long-term stability, sensor drift, device degradation inside the body, and the high regulatory burden associated with implantable medical systems. The document presents BioMEMS as a rapidly growing and productive field whose future advances are likely to come through continued improvements in fabrication, materials, and reliability.
UNCLASSIFIED/ /P'OR: OP'P'l@IAL WS& 0Nk¥
COMMERCIAL BLOOD GLUCOSE SENSORS
The present method of blood glucose monitoring depends on a need le puncture of the
skin to withdraw a drop of blood to place on a color changing test strip. The test strip is
read by a small handheld reader. Glucose test strips do not have to necessarily be
small, but by making the sensor very small the amount of blood required for the test is
reduced. The sensors often are made by techniques of photolithography or in some
cases by microscale screen printing in order to achieve reproducibility.
The skin-puncture test is painful and time consuming, and thus noninvasiveness is the
key desired characteristic of glucose sensors. Research is being directed at a
noninvasive glucose sensor that is accurate enough to work external to the body and
through the skin. Short term (a few days) wearable needle glucose sensors are
available from major companies li ke Medtronic Inc. but fall short of the convenience of
a noninvasive sensor.
ENZYME-BASED BIOSENSORS
The key component in most biosensors
is a reactive chemistry on the sensor
surface. The sensor chemistry is chosen
to give it specificity to only one analyte
(such as glucose). The concentration of
the analyte is determined by a sensor
that can directly measure the analyte
reaction products reacting with the
sensor surface. For example sensor
chemistries to measure glucose are
often based on glucose oxidase enzyme
which promotes a chemical reaction at
the sensor surface. Glucose oxidase
enzyme complex structure is seen in
Figure 10.
Glucose oxidase catalyzes the reaction:
glucose + 0 2 (glucose oxidase) ➔
gluconolactone + H2O2 + heat (79
kJ/mole)
This reaction of glucose with oxygen (from the air) occurs in the presence of glucose
oxidase enzyme. The enzyme itself is a catalyst to the reaction and so is not consumed.
Rather it presents favorable conditions and ability to transfer electrons on its molecular
structure for glucose and oxygen to come together to react. Figure 10 shows the
enzyme structure.
Typically in a sensor the enzyme is a large molecule and can be trapped in a porous gel
and thus is not able to diffuse away from the sensor surface. Glucose and oxygen,
being small molecules, can diffuse through the gel to the enzyme whereby the reaction
occurs and the reaction products will diffuse away. The enzyme is unconsumed and the
reaction process is continuous as long as glucose is present.
UNCLASSIFIED/ {FOR OFFICIO! !PEii QDlk¥
Figure 10. Glucose Oxidase Enzymes Like Glucose
Oxidase are Large Folded Molecules That Act as
Catalysts for a Chemical Reaction
(http ://www. innovations-
report.de/bilder_neu/17279_gluc.jpg)
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