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This Defense Intelligence Reference Document from the Defense Intelligence Agency, dated 1 November 2010, was one of a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2010 under the Advanced Aerospace Weapons System Applications (AAWSA) Program. It reviews ultracapacitors as energy and power storage devices. It covers how they work, their materials, their commercial and military uses, and new developments such as carbon nanotubes, thin films and magnetic capacitors. It concludes that the U.S. government must understand and adopt advanced ultracapacitors.
“The Advance”13 pages
UNCLASSIFIED/ /l"e" Cl"l"!e1,it tl!!L e11t I ELECTRODES Carbon has been the optimal electrode material for ultracapacitors since their commercial introduction over 30 years ago. Pseudocapacitor systems use a combination of a carbon electrode and a battery-like electrode, such as a conductive polymer or a metal oxide. The high surface area of carbon makes it an extremely attractive option for ultracap electrodes. Carbon chemistry is quite well known, and high surface area and low cost ensures carbon's continued use for the near future. While carbon has been used in electrochemical systems for many years, there are many nuances that make its properties and performance vary significantly amongst the many types of carbon. The use of a carbon electrode makes ultracaps affordable for use in many systems. Activated carbon is readily available, can be made from many source materials, and is inexpensive. Materials science activities for electrodes are focused on improving the carbon electrodes and introducing alternative materials to create an asymmetric electrode. Types of carbon can include activated carbon, carbon cloth, aerogels, porous carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. The properties of carbon can change dramatically based upon processing, having a major impact to the porosity and active surface area. Activated carbon has an extremely high surface area, is inexpensive, and is produced at a global scale for use in a number of applications. For these reasons, activated carbon is the traditional carbon of choice for ultracapacitor applications. Recent advances in carbon materials development have led to a number of options for ultracapacitor electrodes. Table 4 demonstrates a number of electrode materials in use today and the corresponding performance of these ultracaps. Table 4: Properties of Various Materials Used in Electrochemical Capacitor Electrode Materials16 Density Material fti/cm3) E1ectro1vte F/g F/cm3 Activated Carbon 0.7 KOH 160 112 Oraanic 100 70 Carbon Cloth 0.35 KOH 200 70 Oroanic 100 35 Aerogel Carbon 0.6 KOH 75 Orqanic 125 84 Porous Carbon from SiC 0.7 KOH 175 122 Oraanic 100 70 Porous Carbon from TiC 0.5 KOH 220 110 Oroanic 120 60 Anhydrous Ru02 2.7 Sulfuric Acid 150 405 Hydrous Ru02 2.0 Sulfuric Acid 650 1 300 Dooed Conductive Polvmer 0.7 Oroanic 450 315 UNCLASSIFIED/ ,'l"8" 81"1"1@111it tl!II!! 8Hl!V 9
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Report, from the dia collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. 34 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.