Defense Intelligence Reference Document The Role of Superconductors In Gravity Research

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The "attraction" of modifying gravity-whether your own, your spacecraft's, or that of a
nearby large mass-for propulsive purposes lies in two general categories of effect:
• The modifying, neutralizing, or negating of the gravitational attraction of a nearby
body, typically Earth.
• The provision of propulsive force or impulse to a spacecraft based on manipulation
of the same underlying physical phenomenon that forms the basis of gravity.
The theoretical and experimental attempts outlined in this paper deal with both these
possibilities.
In experiments designed to produce a gravity-like force or to interact directly with a
local gravity field, the researcher has to be looking for extremely small deviations from
a null result. Observations to date demonstrate that interactions between gravity and
electromagnetic fields, given the field densities and strengths available to even the
most well-equipped laboratory, are many orders of magnitude smaller than those
required to begin to see such forces. Braginski et al. (Reference 8) showed that
ordinary matter cannot be used to generate measurable gravitational fields in the
laboratory. The standard edict against such things as gravity shields can be summed up
by noting the absence of negative gravitational mass, at least in this sector of the
universe, resulting in the relative "gravitational permittivity/permeability" being unity in
normal matter. Therefore, demonstrating that a new force, whether gravitational or
not, has been discovered in the laboratory will require an intense effort to provide
proof. This implies being able to distinguish between true gravity-like forces and gravity
interactions and a host of prosaic effects masquerading as these forces. A list of
potential artifacts attendant on such experiments can be found in Reference 9.
General relativity introduces a metric tensor theory of gravity, and while it does not
explain the fundamental physical basis of the gravitational attraction between two
bodies, it does allow the prediction of a large range of interactions between bodies.
Similarly, Maxwell's vector equations do not explain the fundamental basis for
electromagnetic interactions but do allow us to predict the outcomes of such
interactions. It is possible to reformulate the tensor format of GR into a simple vector
format that is valid only for a subset of GR conditions, namely in the weak field
approximation and for nonrelativistic velocities. Using perturbation theory, for example,
to compute the equations of motion in the simplified GR equations results in terms that
have direct analogs in Maxwell equations where electrical current flow is replaced by
mass flow, for example. Forward (Reference 10, 11) was among the first to investigate
this analog. One term is analogous to the Biot-Savart-like magnetic field and is
generally referred to as the "gravitomagnetic field" (and also sometimes as
"gravitational frame dragging" or the "Lense-Thirring Effect") and has the dimensions of
s- 1 . Another term is analogous to the electrostatic coulomb field and is referred to as
the "gravitoelectric field." Essentially, the gravitomagnetic field produces a force
between currents of flowing matter, while the gravitoelectric field produces a force
between masses themselves (the Newtonian gravitational field). Sometimes the term
"gravitoelectromagnetic field" is used to refer to both the gravitoelectric and
gravitomagnetic fields.
Gravity is thus composed of a (Newtonian) velocity-independent field and a
(gravitomagnetic) velocity-dependent field analogous to the electric and magnetic fields
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