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This Defense Intelligence Reference Document from the Defense Intelligence Agency is dated 11 January 2011. It was produced in FY 2010 under the Advanced Aerospace Weapons System Applications (AAWSA) Program. It reviews negative, or sub-vacuum, energy found in squeezed light and the Casimir effect, and explains quantum optical homodyne tomography as a way to measure and map that energy in the lab. It proposes balanced homodyne detector arrays that could help detect anomalous aerospace platforms using engineered spacetime propulsion.
UNCLASSIFIED//509 QFFICICP YEE a••b>/ bosonic commutation relations: [Cl(, a:,:]= [Cl 1 , &,''.,] =0 1111 and [a;, a:,,]= [ it 1 , G111 ] = 0, where Otn, (= I if f = m and O if f -:/- m) is the Kronecker delta and the indices (f, 111) are integers [38]. A beam splitter is a four-port device not only in the case of two incoming light modes interfering to produce two emerging light modes; a beam splitter is always a four-port device. Even if only one beam is split into two beams, if literally nothing behind the semitransparent mirror is interfering with the incident beam, quantum mechanically this nothing means a vacuum state. The very possibility that the second light mode behind the mirror might be excited makes a difference. The vacuum fluctuations carried by the empty mode (and entering the apparatus via the so-called unused input port of the beam splitter) do cause physical effects. Therefore, the vacuum fluctuations entering the second (unused) input port of the beam splitter must always be assigned a formal mode operator, th, in order for the system to 1) conserve energy, 2) obey the beam splitter's aforementioned bosonic commutation relations and 3) guarantee that the two outgoing beams are independent bosonic light modes. second input "' first input i, I first output .,al second output .,a, Figure 8. Schematic of an Ideal Lossless Beam Splitter. Two incident spatial-temporal light modes (with the annihilation operators a1 and a2) interfere optically to produce two emerging light modes (with the annihilation operators a: and a;) (courtesy of Ulf Leonhardt). In Figure 9 we illustrate the effect of vacuum fluctuations for the case of a fictitious beam splitter, which is a model for describing linear absorption or, equivalently, 25 UNCLASSIFIED/,·, OK 01 I ICIAE 652 one I
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