Defense Intelligence Reference Document High-Frequency Gravitational Wave Communications

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1964), the gaser consists of a long rod of a material and microscopic parts of which can
be excited by a means, such as electromagnetic (EM) radiation, to emit HFGWs. They
utilize linearized theory to treat the interaction of a gravitational field with matter:
"Application is made to the emission ... of gravitons by microscopic systems such as
molecules and nuclei." Grishchuk and Sazhin in early 1974 discussed the emission of
gravitational waves by an electromagnetic cavity. In August of 1974 Chapline, Nuckolls
and Woods suggested the generation of HFGWs by nuclear explosions. In this same
regard Fontana suggested that the problem of efficient generation of HFGWs and pulses
of gravitational radiation might find a reasonably simple solution by employing nuclear
matter (Fontana and Baker, 2006; Fontana and Binder, 2009), especially isomers. A
fissioning isomer not only rotates at extremely high frequency(~ 3.03x10 24 s- 1 )
according to the aforementioned references, but is also highly deformed in the first
stages of fission (the nucleus is rotating and made asymmetric "before" fission). Thus
one achieves significant impulsive forces (for example, 3.67x 108 N) acting over
extremely short time spans (for example, 3.3x10- 22 s). Alternatively, a pulsed particle
beam, which could include antimatter, could trigger nuclear reactions and build up a
coherent GW as the particles move through a target mass. The usual difficulty with
HFGWs generated by nuclear reactions is the small dimensions of their nuclear-reaction
volumes-that is, the small moment of inertia and submicroscopic radii of gyration (for
example, 10-16 m) of the nuclear-mass system. Such a difficulty is overcome by utilizing
small clusters of nuclear material, whose nuclear reactions are in synchronization; for
example, through the use of a computer controlled logic system. Such nuclear-
energized HFGW generators are currently very theoretical. Braginsky and Rudenko
(1978) discussed the generation of gravitational waves in the laboratory and proposed
a means utilizing small particles In 1981 Romero and Dehnen analyzed the generation
of gravitational radiation in the laboratory also utilizing a linear array of piezoelectric
crystals that will be analyzed in more detail in Section 2.1.3. In 1988 Pinto and Rotoli
presented a paper on the laboratory generation of gravitational waves at the Italian
Conference on General Relativity and Gravitational Physics. Another Italian, Giorgio
Fontana (1998), suggested that the possibility of emission of high frequency
gravitational radiation from junction between d-wave and s-wave superconductors.
Kraus (1991) proposed that gravitational-wave communication might be possible in the
IEEE Antennas & Propagation magazine. At the first HFGW Working Group Conference
at the MITRE Corporation in 2003, Grishchuk analyzed electromagnetic generators and
detectors of gravitational waves. At that same Conference Valentin Rudenko presented
a paper on the optimization of parameters of a coupled generator-receiver for a HFGW
Hertz experiment. At the second HFGW Working Group Conference in Austin, Texas, in
2007, Kolosnitsyn and Rudenko presented another paper on the generation and
detection of the high-frequency gravitational radiation in a strong magnetic field. In
2007, and more recently this year, a new type of HFGW generator/detector and mirror
system based on thin, type I superconducting films was proposed by R. Chiao, S.
Minter, and K. Wegter-McNelly (2007; 2009a,b). Therefore it is evident that a number
of devices for the laboratory generation of HFGWs have been proposed including the
aforementioned gaser (as has been mentioned, was first proposed by Halpren and
Laurent in 1964, some 45 years ago) discussed by Fontana and Baker (2003); as well
as an actual laser generator of HFGWs as discussed by Li and Li (2006). Finally a rather
practical laboratory HFGW generator, which may be appropriate for the initial proof-of-
concept test, is one utilizing off-the-shelf components such as magnetron energized
piezoelectric crystals or Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators or FBARs has been analyzed in
Woods and Baker, (2005) and Baker, Woods and Li (2006).
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