Defense Intelligence Reference Document Cockpits In The Era Of Breakthrough Flight

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Excerpt (15 pg) NASA and Kallsman Instrument Corporation (Syosset, NY) discuss how stellar charts
change over distances traveled and address Doppler shifts.
Oran, Daniel. (1991). Apply Psychology to Product Design. Machine Design. Nov. 7, 37-40.
Article (4 pg) Illustrates how to use different switch locations, groupings, and shapes to more readily
convey functions.
• Pavlovic', V. I., Sharma, R. & Huang, T. 5. (1997). Visual Interpretation of Hand Gestures for Human-
Computer Interaction: A Review. In IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19,
677-695
Article (36 pgs) Summarizes recent progress toward using gestures of the arms and hands to interact with
computers. Hand gestures, including those with different finger positions, can be used. These features
are likely to mature soon into commercial products.
• Russo, D., Tillman, B., & Pickett, L. (2009). Human Factors Engineering Standards at NASA, Presented at
the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Conference (22-26 Sep. 2008, Manhattan, NY). NASA Johnson
Space Center, Houston TX.
Quoting Abstract: "NASA has begun a new approach to human factors design standards. For years NASA-
STD-3000, Manned Systems Integration Standards, has been a source of human factors design guidance
for space systems. In order to better meet the needs of the system developers, NASA is revising its
human factors standards system. NASA-STD-3000 will be replaced by two documents: set of broad human
systems design standards (including both human factors and medical topics) and a human factors design
handbook. At the present time the standards document is in final review with some disagreement on
several critical issues. The handbook is progressing with November 2008 as the anticipated completion
date."
• Potter, S.S. & Woods, D. D. (1991). Event Driven Timeline Displays: Beyond Message Lists in Human-
Intelligent System Interaction. In Conference Proceedings 1991 IEEE International Conference on Systems,
Man, and Cybernetics, 1283-1288.
Article (6 pg) Examines lessons and trends of fault monitoring, suggesting that timelines of events be
visually conveyed, including causal connections.
• Potter, S.S. et al. (1992). Visualization of Dynamic Processes: Function-Based Displays for Human-
Intelligent System Interaction. In Proceedings 1992 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and
Cybernetics, 1283-1288.
Article (6 pg) Although in the context of monitoring processes, it suggests that visual models of the
processes (instead of alphanumeric displays) are crucial.
• Proffitt, D. & Kauiser, M. (1991). Observer Properties for Understanding Dynamical Displays: Capacities,
Limitations, and Defaults. NASA TM 102812. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA.
Report (15 pg) Examined human ability to understand and predict motion in the display of dynamic
systems. They found that both physics-educated people and naive people perform about equally on the
intuitive level: particle motion is relatively accurate, but rotational kinematics, especially that concerning
moments of inertia, is relatively poor.
• Reason, J. (1990). Human Error. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Book (316 pg) By examining major accidents, the correlation between psychology and the operation of
hazardous technologies is described. As such, it presents a wealth of lessons of mistakes to avoid.
• Sarter, N. & Woods, D. (1992). Mode error in supervisory control of automated systems. In Proceeding of
the Human Factors Society 36'h Annual Meeting. Atlanta GA, Oct.
Report (5 pg) Illustrates and defines mode error: '"When an action entirely appropriate for a situation is
performed, except that this is not the current situation ... -Norman 1981. Describes how systems that
have command sequences, which change their pattern in different operating modes, is a problem.
• Seifert, H. (Ed). (1959). Space Technology. New York, NY: Wiley & Sons.
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