Defense Intelligence Reference Document Biosensors And A Survey Of The Present Field

Defense Intelligence Agency · 45 pages · text from the file's own layer

This Defense Intelligence Agency reference document, dated 31 March 2010 (DIA-08-1003-020), was one of a series of advanced technology reports produced in FY 2009 under the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications (AAWSA) program. It surveys biosensors and BioMEMS, covering brain-implanted neuroelectrodes, drug-delivery pumps, implantable glucose sensors, brain-machine interfaces, retinal prostheses, microfluidic lab chips, NASA cell culture systems, and microcantilever sensors. It concludes that the field is expanding rapidly toward nanomechanical systems.

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NASA Space Applications for Microfluidic Systems ........................................... 34
Microcantilever MEMs Sensors ............................................................................. 36
Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 39
Figures
Figure 1. Varieties of BioMEMS and Sensors ........................................................... 2
Figure 2. Functional MEMS Micromachines Attached to Sensing Bioelectrodes ....... 5
Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of a MEMS Motor Complete With a Method of
Converting Oscillatory Motion to Linear Motion ....................................... 5
Figure 4. Illustration of the Basic Physical Principle of the BioMEMS Motor ........... 6
Figure 5. Close-up Views of the Micro-Motor Gear .................................................. 6
Figure 6. An Insulin MEMS Pump ............................................................................ 8
Figure 7. An ISFET (Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor) Needle-Type pH Sensor
for Monitoring Tissue Physiologic Status ............................................... 11
Figure 8. A Fiber Optical Oxygen Sensor .............................................................. 12
Figure 9. Control of an Insulin-Delivery System by an Implantable Glucose
Sensor ................................................................................................... 13
Figure 10. Glucose Oxidase .................................................................................. 14
Figure 11. An Experimental MEMS Blood Glucose Sensor ..................................... 15
Figure 12. Photomicrograph ................................................................................. 16
Figure 13. A MEMS Thermopile Glucose Sensor .................................................... 17
Figure 14. Illustration of the Thermocouple Principle .......................................... 18
Figure 15. Thermopile Glucose Sensor (left) With Functional Illustration (right)
are Made Using Photolithographic Techniques .................................... 19
Figure 16. Photograph and Illustration of the Thermopile Glucose Sensor in a
Catheter .............................................................................................. 19
Figure 17. A MEMS Biopotential Electrode System ................................................ 20
Figure 18. A Neural Cell Showing Dendritic Inter-Connections That are Electrically
Active With Other Cells ........................................................................ 21
Figure 19. A Neuroprosthetic Interface ................................................................ 22
Figure 20. Scanning Electron Micrograph of a Brain Electrode Array Manufactured
From Titanium and Produced by a Process of Electrodischarge
Machining ............................................................................................ 23
Figure 21. Scanning Electron Micrograph of a 1141 Electrode Array Made to Be
Inserted Into the Surface of the Human Brain .................................... 25
Figure 22. Polymer Based Cortical Penetrating Neuroelectrodes Made by Processes
of Thin Film Deposition and RF Etching ............................................... 26
Figure 23. A MEMS Microelectrode Array Implanted Into the Cortex of a Rat Brain
............................................................................................................ 27
Figure 24. A Representation of the Retinal Prosthesis ......................................... 28
Figure 25. A BioMEMS Fabricated 4x4 Microelectrode Retinal Array ..................... 28
Figure 26. An Illustration of the Retinal Neuroprosthesis Created by the Boston
Implant Project ................................................................................... 29
Figure 27. Power Transfer by Magnetic Induction to an Implanted BioMEMS Retinal
Prosthesis ........................................................................................... 30
Figure 28. A New Generation of Implantable Neurostimulation Devices Can Pass
Through the Lumen of a Syringe Needle .............................................. 31
Figure 29. Illustration of the Internal Construction of the Ultrasound Powered
Neurostimulator Developed at ASU ..................................................... 32
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