Condign volumes 1 to 3

Read from the scan by GLM-OCR; expect the odd misread word.

# UNCLASSIFIED UK RESTRICTED

technology is expanding, principally in the USA. The projected (USAF) priority plan is to produce unpiloted air-breathing aircraft with a Mach 8-12 capability and transatmospheric vehicles which can operate between the upperair-breathing and sub-orbital flight regimes, as well as highly supersonic vehicles at Mach 4 to 6.

7. It is assumed that the fuel options are intrinsic (fuel carried internally), partially extrinsic (some part of the fuel is obtained externally e.g. from the atmosphere) or the propulsion energy is entirely extrinsic (e.g. from some sort of external field). The foregoing examples are understood as, respectively, chemical or electric or nuclear (e.g. rocket), air-breathing (e.g. jet engine), or a system which uses a field (e.g. magnetic field) of which the only vehicular example is terrestrial (e.g. levitated train).

## ANTI-MATTER (ANTI-PROTON PROPULSION)

8. A variety of conceptual engine types are potentially feasible. The following performance capability would be possible, using just one gram of the anti-matter.

- 100Kg payload accelerated to a velocity of the order $ 1 0 0 0 \mathrm{K m} \mathrm{s}^{-1} $ (Rocket)

- Launch a 1000 Ton payload into a Mars mission (Rocket)

- Payload/gross weight ratio improvements by a factor of three to five (Air-breather). This would involve the use of anti-matter to amplify the SI of standard cycle engines.

## Possibility of 'fusion engine'.

The rocket (i.e. exo-atmospheric mission) potential is encompassed by the relation $ \mathrm{M}(\Delta)^{2} $ $ \sim 10^{5} $ , where M is the mission mass (metric tons) and $ \Delta V $ the velocity increment (measured in km.s $ ^{-1} $ ). It is believed that the application of anti-matter can be developed for solid core, gas core, plasma core and beam core rocket motors

with adaptations for the air-breathers. Parametric studies have been made to this effect in the USA.

9. Material Storage Cooling is among the most serious problems to be solved. Portable storage for containing the 'anti-matter', in the form of rings and ion traps, would be necessary. The particles are typically confined within a plasma volume (e.g. 200cm (long) by 5cm (dia) with a vacuum $ 100 days of storage time. The dimensions given might store $ \sim 10^{13} $ anti-protons at 20-50KeV and is considered to be a factor of 100 down on the limit. According to authoritative sources a few milligrams of anti-matter might be produced annually by a nation with the resources to do so.

## NATIONAL CAPABILITY

10. USA In 1987 it was stated that the US could construct an intense source of low-energy anti-protons in three to four years and thereafter deliver (store) $ 1 0^{1 4} $ low energy protons annually. It was hinted that a five to seven year programme might be started (or already had been). This information, given in a 1987 closed seminar, was given public-release in 1994. One of the prime applications envisaged is for air-vehicle propulsion. The cost of a R&D programme would be $400M, over a ten year period. In addition to propulsion, non-propulsion applications of anti-matter have been proposed in medical (tomographical imaging), therapy and biomedical detectors.

11. UK That anti-matter is a key topic of interest is confirmed by a series of papers, and, in particular reports of CERN activities in which UK participate. A recent review paper (P T Greenland, Imperial College London) relates Newton's search for a cause of gravity and the relationship between gravitational mass and inertial mass. Anti-hydrogen has been produced at CERN, but the trapping and control of the anti-hydrogen is not yet achieved to enable instrumentation and measurement to