Condign volumes 1 to 3

Read from the scan by GLM-OCR; expect the odd misread word.

# UNCLASSIFIED

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but also the 'black' centre described, below, at para.48

## PLASMA SHAPE CHANGES AND SIZE

It can be argued that the buoyancy of the plasma is balanced by charged ion droplet mass, with the actual shape make-up dependent on the distribution of forces within the ball. Although some have suggested that the oval shapes occasionally reported are due, not to the mass of the droplets/particles (which gravity may pull into a pear shape, individually), but to the presence of a strong D.C. field, elongating the ball in the field direction. It is believed that the production of nitric acid (note the section on nitrous smells) leads to an inflow of air which aids ball stability. The size of the ball seems to be determined at its creation[4] and it is believed the cycle of change in electric field, of ion production, of water demand, and then evaporation might change the temperature gradient in the ball but not its size. In the many attempts to develop a theory to explain ball lightning (and by so doing possibly understanding the 'earthlights' phenomenon), it is always postulated that a source of energy is essential within the phenomenon for it to exist and be sustained. It has been difficult to apply recognised theory, although at the turn of the century it was recognised that Maxwell's equations could be generalised to include magnetic charge and current as the mirror-partners to electric charge and electric current. Since then 'new physics', has postulated the 'magnetic photon' as a corollary to the more widely known conventional optical photon. Hence, some theories concerning the ball lightning phenomenon have developed using the 'magnetic photon' and 'magnetic charge'. Vortons', in turn, are postulated to occur in pairs and create a rotating magnetic field. [Comment: This is of particular significance when related to the discovery that humans exposed to rotating magnetic fields can produce responses strikingly similar to those reported from close encounters with a UAP].

## SURVEY OF COLOURS

47. $ Smirmov^{2} $ analysed over 4100 ball/bead reports (indicating that the Former Soviet Union must have a considerable database on UAP-type topics). The total power radiated by a black body obeys the Stephen-Boltzmann Law of proportionality to the fourth power of temperature and in 4112 samples the temperatures produced the following statistical colour distribution:

White	20.4%
Red/Pink	17.7%
Orange	23.1%
Yellow	20.2%
Green	1.4%
Blue/Violet	11.4%
Mixed Colours	5.3%

From this it can be seen that for the atmospheric luminous phenomenon seen as a ball, there is around an 80% likelihood of the ball (or bead) colour being either white, Red/Pink, Orange or Yellow and around a 20% chance of it being one of these four options rather than green, blue or mixed.

An apparent paradox in the understanding of the intensity (and hence colours) has been that the calculated radiant power (using colour temperature to determine intensity) has resulted in intensities that seem to be far too large to be in agreement with actual observations of heat and light. One of the later theories resolves this by suggesting that the vortons (see para. 46 above), moving as a gas, exhibit positive Doppler shifts of the radiant black-body energy to a higher colour temperature (moving towards the observer) and to a lower colour temperature for movement away. Variable cloud shapes other than balls can occur, it is claimed, if a ferromagnetic-like interaction of the dipole forces of the individual vortons occurs.