Condign volumes 1 to 3

Read from the scan by GLM-OCR; expect the odd misread word.

## PLASMOID

38. A plasmoid is postulated as formed by a small volume of plasma (small as compared with $ \frac{\pi d^{2}}{6} $ ), where d is the diameter of the final ball. The energy is formed by RF at $ \lambda/3.65\mathrm{d} $ and ionisation grows - but eventually becomes stabilised and expands but eventually deviates from resonance and cools and returns to $ \mathrm{d}=\lambda/3.65. $ A weak shock is formed on collapse when the RF energy is cut off suddenly - but if the RF field reduces gradually the extinction progress becomes smooth and noiseless. It is reported that spherical plasmoid shapes can be sustained by RF energy at low pressure, and the concept of a phase-locked loop of EM radiation at a wavelength stable to the circumstances previously has also been suggested. It is suggested, in this instance, that the stable standing wave excites the ambient gases to glow and that the colour is dependent on the constituents, such as dust etc. in suspension. In some cases it is claimed that ball lightning has the ability to absorb light, hence it can be grey or black in appearance.

## Ball Lightning sometimes has glowing tentacles

- rapid rotation of sphere despite slow linear path motion

- light given off can which is ascribed to electronic excitation

It is theorised (Ashby and Whitehead, Aldermaston 1971), following the collection of remotely sensed signals during thunderstorms, that because gamma-ray levels soared dramatically (X50), on several occasions (for several seconds) that more complex explanations than hitherto might be responsible for the plasma production - perhaps involving minute particles of anti-matter (micrometeorites). However, it is not clear how the plasmas remain in suspension or even enter aircraft on occasions - a well documented occurrence by multiple witnesses.

## AURORAL LOOPS

39. Ball Light Ozone Spheres The gravitational force on a sphere of ozone a metre in diameter is 430g and it would descend. A 0.5m diameter sphere would experience a force of 54g. If the sphere was visible ozone, on sudden expansion when conversion occurs to oxygen (20 litres for a 50cm sphere of ozone), it produces explosive energy. Ozone is the only gas denser than air produced in quantity under stress in air, as distinct from production from a streaming spark discharge. The earth's surface and ozone spheres are both generally negatively charged. Although blue in colour, if nitrogen is present the explosion colour is yellow.

40. Power Intensive Plasma Formations (PPFs) In the search for the key characteristics of ball (and bead) lightning PPFs, a related phenomenon appeared to show some further similarities to UAP reports; of which the most relevant are:

- PPF dimensions extend to tens of cm.

- They can disappear in one point of space and simultaneously appear in another.

- Sound propagation speeds in PPF are much higher than the speed of sound in gas and may reach $ 1 6 0 0 \mathrm{~ m s}^{-1}. $

- The plasma temperature inside is <1000 $ ^{\circ} \mathrm{K}。 $

- PPFs can burn metals leaving holes (but not affect dielectric material).

- PPFs do not disturb the gases they pass through in movement.

Large PPFs (e.g. 1m diameter) are known as METEOXTRONES. Working papers 19, 21 and 24 describe other types of atmospheric plasmas.

## BALL LIGHTNING AND AIRCRAFT

41. The reported incidences of ball lightning 'flying' ahead or behind aircraft have brought about some investigations into the expected characteristics of ball in the aircraft airstream. It seems likely that the incidence of sightings of 'foo fighters' (as they became known in World War 2) would increase, purely