Condign volumes 1 to 3

Read from the scan by GLM-OCR; expect the odd misread word.

# UNCLASSIFIED

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fuselage shaped, (e.g. cigar), flattening sphere (i.e. disc or fat cigar), or even triangular, with curved edges. As air drag will operate in all planes, then all extremities of the original aerosol charged body (whatever its original format) will tend to be 'smoothed'. Eventually the EM field within the charged envelope will dampen and dissipate and the more sharpened contours will disperse and either be no longer recognised as a shape (i.e. as a UAP), or will vanish completely.

5. If high intensity EM field values occur, a gas discharge is possible at its maxima, giving rise to 'bright lights' on the surface of the UAP. (see paragraph 13 below)

6. UAP Model Mukharev, commencing with a postulated spherical aerosol, considers the natural equations for the electrical and magnetic oscillation modes, and derives a model. It is postulated that the most probable initial excitation is by streak lightning [Comment: Note that this can be present in either a 'wet' or 'dry' electrical storm condition]. The model estimates the dielectric constant of the medium from which the sphere comprises and Mukharev points out that this is similar to the dielectric constant of a plasma. It is determined by the character of the time-dependence of the field in which the aerosol is located. The ratio of the internal and external dielectric constants sets the conditions. This will depend upon whether the aerosol is one which dampens out with time - in which case a negative dielectric constant is obtained; or one where the field is sinusoidal. Mukharev shows that the amount of energy of the EM field within, say, a $ 1 \mathrm{m}^{3} $ volume of the aerosol cloud is only ~8 Joules. Therefore, it is claimed that the field of the UAP could be excited by a spark discharge.

7. The postulation shows that the aerosol cloud can remain within boundary

conditions which do not result in immediate breakdown, but have a finite lifetime. For the purposes of the model it is shown that the Lorentz Force (Earth's Magnetic Field) is negligibly small compared with the aerodynamic drag force. The outcome is a postulated UAP which has motion.

8. Motion As the cloud moves in the atmosphere the aerosol particles located at its surface are removed by the air stream. (The energy of the EM fields associated with these particles being transformed into EM momentum). As a consequence of the momentum conservation law, the EM momentum arising within the closed system of the cloud must be compensated by the mechanical momentum. Hence, a force arises at the leading edge of the cloud which causes the cloud to accelerate until the force becomes equal to aerodynamic drag. After some time the cloud gradually decelerates because of the dampening field.

9. Particle Characteristics The particles may be variable in diameter and the entire mass of material in the aerosol cloud may amount to only a fraction of a gram. It has been suggested that this low mass, resulting in absence of inertia, may be the reason for the exceptional 'manoeuvrability' suggested by UAP reports; and also a tendency towards rapid acceleration.

10. Speed of Cloud It is possible to relate particle size to the drag-force by using the Reynolds number for the particles moving in a laminar stream, at velocity v:

$$
\mathrm {R e} = \gamma \tau_ {\mathrm {a}} v / \eta
$$

/where: