The Physics and Metaphysics of Unidentified Flying Objects

Read from the scan by GLM-OCR; expect the odd misread word.

# Approved For Release 2001/04/02 : CIA-RDP81R00560R000100010007-4

The U.S. Air Force has been able to resist pressures to declare that UFO's are under extraterrestrial control, but not pressures for the repetition of investigations. However, if the U.S. Patent Office can take a position on the feasibility of constructing perpetual motion machines, then the Air Force should be able to take a position on closing out its investigations of UFO's.

We have been reminded (1) that 21st-century science will look back on vs. This is true. We, ourselves, look back on eras when many people believed in the existence of centaurs, mermaids, and fire-breathing dragons. I am afraid that 21st-century science will contemplate with wonder the fact that, in an age of science such as ours, the U.S. Air Force was required to sponsor repeated studies of UFO's.

I have no quarrel with anyone who wishes to believe that UFO's are under extraterrestrial control. As for me, I shall not believe that we have ever been visited by any extraterrestrial visi-

ot either from the moon, from a planet of our solar system, or from any other stellar system—until I am shown such a visitor.

## References and Notes

1. J. A. Hynek, Science 154, 329 (1966.)

2. ——, "Unidentified flying objects," in Encyclopaedia Britannica (Benton, Chicago, rev. ed., 1964), vol. 22, p. 696; Encyclopaedia Britannica (Benton, Chicago, rev. ed. 1967), vol. 22, p. 499.

3. W. Markowitz, in Air, Space, and Instruments, S. Lees, Ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York 1963), pp. 201-06; the method is based on the fact that the observed time of minimum of an eclipsing binary depends upon the position of an observer in space relative to the sun.

4. Electrons given an energy of $ 1 \times 1 0^{9} $ ev in an electron synchrotron should have a speed of $ 6 2 c $ , according to Newtonian mechanics. However, from measurements of the synchrotron diameter and the frequency of the alternating field it is readily determined that the speed is nearly 1c . The speed, according to relativity theory, is $ 0. 9 9 9 \, 9 9 9 \, 8 7 c $ $ ( c=3 \times $ $ 1 0^{9} $ meters per second).

5. His last name was Gauss.

6. The energy required is $ 3.1 \times 10^{7} $ joules; combustion of 0.5 kilogram of gasoline produces energy of $ 2.4 \times 10^{7} $ joules (1 joule = 0.74 foot-pound or $ 9.5 \times 10^{-4} $ BTU).

7. General Information Concerning Patents (Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966), p. 3; see also U.S. Patent Office mimecographed statement POL-49 (6-11-47).

8. Reality of Space Travel (selected paper of British Interplanetary Society), L. J. Carter, Ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1957); includes L. R. Shepherd and A. V. Cleaver "The atomic rocket," and L. R. Shepherd "Interstellar flight."

9. Information about the Apollo Spacecraft as kindly supplied by NASA.

10. J. R. Pierce, Proc. I.R.E. (Holt, Audio Engrs.) 47, 1053 (1959).

11. Letter from J. A. Hynek. 25 Jan. 1967.

12. F. D. Drake, in Interstellar Conservation A. G. W. Cameron, Ed. (Benjamin New York, 1963), p. 176. The possible causes of extraterrestrial life and problems of travel are also discussed in various sources.

13. B. M. Oliver, in Interstellar Communication, A. G. W. Cameron, Ed. (Benjamini, New York, 1963), pp. 294-305.

14. G. G. Simpson. Science 143, 769 (1954).

15. J. A. Hynek, Saturday Evening Post 1966. 17 (17 Dec., 1966).

16. Some early sightings. none at close range are reported by J. A. Hynek, J. Opt. Sci Amer. 43, 311 (1953).

17. D. H. Menzel and L. G. Boyd, The World of Flying Saucers (Doubleday, New York. 1963).

18. W. T. Powers, Science 156, 11 (1967).

19. J. Vallee, Anatomy of a Phenomenon. (Lice Books, New York, 1965).

20. and J. Vallee, Challenge to Science (Regnery, Chicago, 1966).

21. S. Newcomb, Fundamental Constants of Astronomy (Government - Printing ONTS. Washington, D.C., 1895), p. 115.

22. Hynck, in the Saturday Evening Post, 5), describes the near-hysteria which accompanies the chase of UFO's.

K. O. Emery and C. O'D. Iselin

During recent years many claims have been made about the importance of the ocean to man's future wellbeing. Some of these claims appear to us to be reasonable, whereas others have an Alice-in-Wonderland quality. As a basis for judgment in this matter, we have compiled a table that shows our estimate of the tonnage and dollar value of food derived from the ocean as compared with that derived from the land during 1964, the latest year for which statistics are reasonably complete. The difference in the former productivity of the ocean and the land is so great as to suggest that an enormous effort will be required before the production of the ocean can be comparable with that of the land.

food resources was used to compare the present stages of technology in the ocean and on the land. For plants, the primitive stage is that of gathering wild plants (on land—berries, nuts, mushrooms, herbs); the next stage is farming (whereby seed are planted and the plants are tended and then harvested). For animals, the primitive stage is that of hunting wild animals for food (on land—deer, rabbits, quail); the next stage is herding (whereby selected breeding, culling of young, and controlled slaughter are practiced along with the nondestructive taking of byproducts such as eggs, milk, and wool). This terminology, gathering and farming of plants, and hunting and herding of animals, is also applied to the ocean in a strict sense. For example, we consider that only algae or bacteria can

A sort of genetic classification of 15 SEPTEMBER 1967

be farmed, and that oysters, clams, and fish can be tarded (not farmed) as an improvement over catch, drawn in their wild state. Note that non-edible materials such as turner, whale oil shells, pearls, wool, hides, and fertilizer are not included in this study.

## Data

The production figures (Table 1) are uneven in quality. Some figures, such as those for fishing, herding, and farming are reasonably well known and have been reproduced in many publications. Others, such as for gathering and hunting on land, must be based upon judgment guided by scanty measurements. The data for the United States are far better than those for the whole world, so they are presented separately. Tonnages are expressed in wet weight or live weight as usually reported, and dollar values are for the level of the fisherman, farmer, or hunter; values at the retailer level would be much higher.

Data for the gathering of seaweed were compiled by the Battelle Institute (1), but the quantity and value of wild plants gathered from land is so poorly