1995-10-01a- CIA Conference Report: THE CHALLENGE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT TO NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORDER IN THE 1990S GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES 01-Oct-95

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References (continued)
between ethnic gioup aspirations and government pol- of the role that elites play in the development of ethnic
icies. The study also examines the significance of geo- movements. The study provides interesting insights
graphical context for minority group goals. into the circumstances that are likely to lead to ethnic
mobilization.
Murphy, Alexander B. "Territorial Policies in Multi-
ethnic States." GeographicalReview, 79 (4), 1989; . The Ethnic Originsof Nations. Oxford: Basil
pp. 410-421. An overview of the nature and impact of Blackwell, 1986. A seminal work on the nature of eth-
different kinds of ethnoterritorial policies in culturally nicity and nationalism. The study adopts a historical
heterogenous states. The study shows that territorial approach to show the continuities and discontinuities
policies are not necessarily pluralist in intent and between modern ethnic nationalism and its premodern
effect. antecedents.
"Urbanism and the Diffusion of Substate White, George W. "The Territorial Dimension of Hun-
Nationalist Ideas in Western Europe." History of garian Ethnic Identity." Yearbook of the Association of
EuropeanIdeas, 15 (4-6), 1992; pp. 639-645. An Pacific Coast Geographers,44, 1992; pp.23-48. A
examination of the importance of settlement structure thoughtful overview of Hungarian territorial issues in
for the development and dissemination of ethnona- the aftermath of World War I. The study highlights the
tionalist ideas. Te study points to the importance of- importance of group sense of territory in the delimita-
an urban base for a minority group's ability to extract tion of national boundaries.
concessions from state authorities.
Williams, Colin H. and Smith, Anthony D. "The
Rumley, Dennis and Minghi, Julian V., eds. The Geog- National Construction of Social Space." Progressin
raphy of BorderLandscapes.London: Routledge, Human Geography, 7 (4), 1983; pp. 502-518. A good
1991. An interesting collection of essays looking at overview of the ways in which geography is impli-
the various ways in which groups use landscapes to cated in ethnicity and ethnic relations. The article
establish and maintain borders for political and cul- focuses on a variety of spatial and territorial issues
tural purposes. The book includes case studies from a that are relevant to ethnic conflict.
variety of different settings.
Wixman, Ronald. "Applied Soviet Nationality Policy:
Sack, Robert D. Human Territoriality:Its Theory and A Suggested Rationale." In PasseTurco-Tatar-
History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University PrisentSovietique: Etudes Offertes &Alexandre Ben-
Press, 1986. A major statement on human efforts to nigsen. Edited by Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Vein-
exert control over geographical space. The study dis- stein, and S. E. Wimbush. Louvain: Editions Peeters,
cusses the historical development of territoriality, 1986; pp. 449-468. An interesting case study that
examines some of the reasons for adopting a territorial shows how ethnic territories have been manipulated to
approach, and indicates some of the implications of- achieve particular political ends. The study focuses
such an approach. attention on the importance of the historical develop-
ment of territorial structures for ethnic group relations.
Smith, Anthony D. "Nationalism, Ethnic Separatism,
and the Intelligentsia." In NationalSeparatism.Edited
by Colin H. Williams. Vancouver: University of-Brit-
ish Columbia Press, 1982; pp. 17-41. A good analysis
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