“Sea”60+ pages
- p. 8 …I1-41
Capabilities for Exercising Sea Denial in NATO's Sea Lines of
Communication 11-41…
- p. 9 …IV-25
Initial Naval Operations in the Black Sea IV-27
Initial Air and Naval Operations…
- p. 16 …European NATO and the Warsaw Pact Figure 1
,'-
-
"''i 'Fr,~'""' NNA TO countries Benes Sea
Warsaw…
- p. 20 …An area in the
Norwegian Sea north of the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom
10
- p. 21 …The forces of the Baltic and Black
Sea Combined Fleets initially would be under the control…
- p. 22 …To assist in the achievement of air and sea superiority and to protect the
amphibious force…
- p. 23 …The Soviets would
attempt to neutralize Western SSBNs near their bases and in the
Norwegian Sea…
- p. 28 …Extent, Emphasis, and Timing of the Soviet Interdiction
Campaign Against NATO Sea Lines of Communications (SLOC…
- p. 30 …Likely Effectiveness of Pact Operations To Achieve Air
Superiority and Sea Control in the Baltic Sea…
- p. 31 …Likelihood of Soviet Use of Nuclear Weapons at Sea Before
Their Use on Land. Navy judges…
- p. 42 …At sea the establishment and maintenance of
36. The Soviets recognize the formidable strength Soviet naval…
- p. 50 …not include airborne divisions or the Polish Sea Landing
division-level air defense weapons. The SA…
- p. 54 …7
Barents Sea Soviet NSWP
NorweqianA'Motr iisio rifle
Norwegian divisionCategory I
Sea Category II
Category…
- p. 60 Peacetime Location of Warsaw Pact Air Forces Opposite NATO Figure 1-8
Barents Sea Soviet NSWP…
- p. 71 …For operations in the Mediterranean Sea,
January 1979 the Black Sea Fleet furnishes most of the…
- p. 72 …PO A
; re
-t {
- Black Sea Fleet
ROMANI A
-UGM (Dsevastopo -
BUGRAFleet Caspian
headquarters Black Sea…
- p. 73 …If the Soviets were not concerned with covert
deployment of their ships to sea, they could…
- p. 74 …number of ships able to put to sea on short have some 30 principal surface combatants…
- p. 75 …The wartime missions of the Warsaw Pact's
general purpose naval forces are to exercise sea…
- p. 77 lop et
Selected Soviet Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles Figure II-21a
Maximum system
Payload (kg) Speed…
- p. 78 Nominal Flight Profiles of Selected Soviet Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles Figure II-21b
Altitude (m)
18…
- p. 79 …but can into the Baltic and Black Sea Fleet air forces to date
remain submerged for…
- p. 80 …In the antiship role, wartime operational con- against ships at sea. The Fitters, however, all of…
- p. 83 …Pact fleets in the Baltic and Black Seas.
IL-38 May TU-142 Bear F
bottom…
- p. 84 …Capabilities for Exercising Sea Denial in NATO Sea
Lines of Communication
142. In wartime, the Soviets…
- p. 85 …of a conflict when NATO
Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and much of the Norwegian would…
- p. 86 Table II-9 Northern Fleet submarine bases and the North
Atlantic sea lanes. They point out…
- p. 87 …In the Black Sea area, the combined Nuclear weapons allocations that we have noted
strength of…
- p. 95 …with either land- or sea-based missile forces. The LRA
H-II SSBN . 4/12 intermediate…
- p. 96 …This latest Soviet bomber has a combat particularly naval task forces at sea During exercises,
radius…
- p. 100 …Sea-Level Thrust-kN (lb r) 120 (27,000) 105 (23,500)
Installed Maximum Afterburner Sea…
- p. 102 …bulk-fill artillery and mor-
ships at sea, points of embarkation, forward storage tar shells; multiple…
- p. 112 …A shortage of technicians would oilers from their home fleets could operate at sea for
probably…
- p. 113 …The Soviets
to sustain operations at sea. rarely have been observed practicing this, however,
and instead…
- p. 114 …For naval and civilian, probably would seek to minimize
example, emergency action drills at sea are…
- p. 115 …developed to permit the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets to
foreseeable future, of marginal value be…
- p. 118 …Pact operations in the western
and sea areas, including islands (archipelagos), Baltic Sea also would be…
- p. 121 …Barents Sea
Maritime /
T VD 49 shr rri s /
Norwegian
ICELAND '1 I '
Sea T''f…
- p. 122 …The Combined Black Sea Fleet would
be formed from the Soviet Black Sea Fleet and the…
- p. 127 …t ,,D ES MA ! R K y 7
~ ~ §.~.Baltic 50ea
North Sea -?
- ASNDT1 4... .
NETHERLANDS
1…
- p. 131 …units and with additional naval units at sea-would
choose to attack with the two-front…
- p. 139 …4 NATO airbases Balte sea-
HAWK missile belt -
Penetration corridor - -
North Sea
i/
POLAND
- West Berlin…
- p. 144 …This
buffer for Pact territory, and defend Pact sea lines of would require effective coordination of…
- p. 145 …b The soviet Baltic Sea Fleet. Not included are minor surface combatants or 10 reserve ships…
- p. 146 …The Pact clearly is aware that the success of its
infantry regiment, the Polish sea landing…
- p. 147 …Pact planners also of ships assigned to protect Baltic sea lines would be
recognize that the…
- p. 148 …these air naval forces from the Black Sea. It also would
operations, and the speed with…
- p. 149 …southwestern
Brigrades .........-- 9e - - littoral of the Black Sea. Soviet surface naval forces
Soviet divisions in Hungary…
- p. 150 …and secure the and to advance to the Aegean Sea and from there into
IV-26
- p. 151 …Pact air and sea superiority in the Black Sea
would be particularly critical to the Pact…
- p. 152 …the initialattacks by Soviet ships and submarines of
bThe Black Sea Fleet and the Mediterranean Squadron…
- p. 153 …The Soviets no doubt realize, however, that the Sea Fleet, although reinforcement from the Northern
advantages…
- p. 154 …be reinforced cally available in the Black Sea Fleet, seven to
before the outbreak of hostilities…
- p. 155 -T _P.3_re4'
few, if any, large combatants from the Black Sea the Straits as…
- p. 156 …See paragraphs 102 and forces in the Norwegian Sea. Initially, we could expect
103 and table…
- p. 157 …Sealifted ground forces could gian Sea. If the Soviets chose to avoid Norwegian-
reinforce airborne and…
- p. 158 …The Soviets have about 130 operational cruise
Barents Seas and their approaches apparently consist missile and…
- p. 159 …submarines normally deployed to the Mediterranean Sea. 169. Another view "1holds that, in a typical initial…
- p. 160 …1 Sea control
N eMurmansk
_ G+UK "r'
Gap ''-1
(5Sea denial, ?"
Holy locit tRosyth Moscow…
- p. 161 …Once hostilities cover the approaches to the Norwegian Sea. Our
began, however, these forces probably would…
major ground formations is used by tactical controllers conventional weapons or to have an operational weap-
for radar vectoring of attack aircraft toward the target ons delivery role.
area, after which pilots are responsible for navigation 88. Helicopters. In recent years the Soviets have
to specific targets and their visual identification. Along introduced the MI-24 Hind, the first of their helicop-
the frontline, tactical controllers can hand over control ters designed primarily for ordnance delivery. (See
to ground-based forward air controllers, who would figure II-15.) It offers such advantages over earlier
then provide target-recognition guidance and, if neces- helicopters as improved all-weather capabilities and
sary, target marking. versatility. The Hind also has an air-to-air capability
85. Reconnaissance. In the Soviet view, the most against other helicopters and low, slow-flying fixed-
important function of tactical reconnaissance is to wing aircraft. A variant of the MI-8, the Hip E, has
detect enemy nuclear delivery means to enable accu- been equipped with rocket pods, machineguns, and
rate and timely execution of combat operations against antitank guided missiles.
them. Large numbers of reconnaissance aircraft are 89. Air Munitions. The Soviets are pursuing a
considered necessary to give proper support to offen- vigorous program to increase the effectiveness of their
sive operations. To provide this support, air reconnais~ air munitions to exploit the enhanced capabilities of
sance is conducted both as an integral part of other their newer aircraft. They apparently believe that the
basic air tasks and as a specified mission by special increased maintenance and training requirements gen-
fighter-reconnaissance and bomber-reconnaissance erated by new, advanced air munitions are justified to
units. The Soviets believe that a variety of ground and correct the deficiencies of the older, simpler muni-
airborne sensors, together with visual observation, tions. The net effect of these air munition improve-
must be used to provide a multiple-source data base. rnent programs should be to reduce the number of
Improved sensors, including side-looking airborne ra- aircraft required for effective target destruction. The
dar (SLAR) and real-time television data link systems, improved guidance systems and delivery techniques
have been installed in some reconnaissance aircraft. also should increase the survivability of Pact aircraft in
86. Aerial reconnaissance capabilities range from an air conflict.
those provided by visual observation to the supersonic,
high-altitude MIG-25 Foxbat B/D. Reconnaissance Warsaw Pact Ground Figure 11-15
missions are a constant feature of Warsaw Pact exer- Attack Helicopters
cises; every Warsaw Pact aircrew has the responsibility MI-8 Hip E MI-24 Hind D
to report visual sightings. Specialized intelligence col-
lection aircraft are configured for photographic, active -
radar, communications, and electronic intelligence- 0 0
gathering missions. Mobile photo-processing units are
available at most Soviet reconnaissance units in East- Year operational 1977 1976
ern Europe. Although the total number of aircraft
with the primary mission of reconnaissance is known, Length (m) 18.2 17.3
our knowledge of their actual reconnaissance capabili-
ties, especially their timeliness and quality, is poor. Maximum useful 4,500 5,300
The lack of automated equipment or other means for load (kilograms,fuel
timely and accurate location and reporting of mobile and payload)'
or semimobile targets, is believed to be a current
weakness. Maximum combat 95 120
radius* (nm)
87. Most Soviet reconnaissance units have secon-
dary missions and additional combat responsibilities.
For example, MIG-21 Fishbed H units normally de- 'Maximum useful load and combat radius calculated with a
vote part of their training to ground attack, and one maximum payload at maximum gross weight using a rolling takeoff.
such unit may also be tasked with air defense. Some
MIG-25 Foxbat B/D aircraft are known to have
practiced supersonic, high-altitude runs which could 52o
be interpreted as simulating weapons delivery, but as
yet this aircraft is not known to carry either nuclear or
11-25
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