“Sea”60+ pages
- p. 8 …I1-41
Capabilities for Exercising Sea Denial in NATO's Sea Lines of
Communication 11-41…
- p. 9 …IV-25
Initial Naval Operations in the Black Sea IV-27
Initial Air and Naval Operations…
- p. 16 …European NATO and the Warsaw Pact Figure 1
,'-
-
"''i 'Fr,~'""' NNA TO countries Benes Sea
Warsaw…
- p. 20 …An area in the
Norwegian Sea north of the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom
10
- p. 21 …The forces of the Baltic and Black
Sea Combined Fleets initially would be under the control…
- p. 22 …To assist in the achievement of air and sea superiority and to protect the
amphibious force…
- p. 23 …The Soviets would
attempt to neutralize Western SSBNs near their bases and in the
Norwegian Sea…
- p. 28 …Extent, Emphasis, and Timing of the Soviet Interdiction
Campaign Against NATO Sea Lines of Communications (SLOC…
- p. 30 …Likely Effectiveness of Pact Operations To Achieve Air
Superiority and Sea Control in the Baltic Sea…
- p. 31 …Likelihood of Soviet Use of Nuclear Weapons at Sea Before
Their Use on Land. Navy judges…
- p. 42 …At sea the establishment and maintenance of
36. The Soviets recognize the formidable strength Soviet naval…
- p. 50 …not include airborne divisions or the Polish Sea Landing
division-level air defense weapons. The SA…
- p. 54 …7
Barents Sea Soviet NSWP
NorweqianA'Motr iisio rifle
Norwegian divisionCategory I
Sea Category II
Category…
- p. 60 Peacetime Location of Warsaw Pact Air Forces Opposite NATO Figure 1-8
Barents Sea Soviet NSWP…
- p. 71 …For operations in the Mediterranean Sea,
January 1979 the Black Sea Fleet furnishes most of the…
- p. 72 …PO A
; re
-t {
- Black Sea Fleet
ROMANI A
-UGM (Dsevastopo -
BUGRAFleet Caspian
headquarters Black Sea…
- p. 73 …If the Soviets were not concerned with covert
deployment of their ships to sea, they could…
- p. 74 …number of ships able to put to sea on short have some 30 principal surface combatants…
- p. 75 …The wartime missions of the Warsaw Pact's
general purpose naval forces are to exercise sea…
- p. 77 lop et
Selected Soviet Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles Figure II-21a
Maximum system
Payload (kg) Speed…
- p. 78 Nominal Flight Profiles of Selected Soviet Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles Figure II-21b
Altitude (m)
18…
- p. 79 …but can into the Baltic and Black Sea Fleet air forces to date
remain submerged for…
- p. 80 …In the antiship role, wartime operational con- against ships at sea. The Fitters, however, all of…
- p. 83 …Pact fleets in the Baltic and Black Seas.
IL-38 May TU-142 Bear F
bottom…
- p. 84 …Capabilities for Exercising Sea Denial in NATO Sea
Lines of Communication
142. In wartime, the Soviets…
- p. 85 …of a conflict when NATO
Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and much of the Norwegian would…
- p. 86 Table II-9 Northern Fleet submarine bases and the North
Atlantic sea lanes. They point out…
- p. 87 …In the Black Sea area, the combined Nuclear weapons allocations that we have noted
strength of…
- p. 95 …with either land- or sea-based missile forces. The LRA
H-II SSBN . 4/12 intermediate…
- p. 96 …This latest Soviet bomber has a combat particularly naval task forces at sea During exercises,
radius…
- p. 100 …Sea-Level Thrust-kN (lb r) 120 (27,000) 105 (23,500)
Installed Maximum Afterburner Sea…
- p. 102 …bulk-fill artillery and mor-
ships at sea, points of embarkation, forward storage tar shells; multiple…
- p. 112 …A shortage of technicians would oilers from their home fleets could operate at sea for
probably…
- p. 113 …The Soviets
to sustain operations at sea. rarely have been observed practicing this, however,
and instead…
- p. 114 …For naval and civilian, probably would seek to minimize
example, emergency action drills at sea are…
- p. 115 …developed to permit the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets to
foreseeable future, of marginal value be…
- p. 118 …Pact operations in the western
and sea areas, including islands (archipelagos), Baltic Sea also would be…
- p. 121 …Barents Sea
Maritime /
T VD 49 shr rri s /
Norwegian
ICELAND '1 I '
Sea T''f…
- p. 122 …The Combined Black Sea Fleet would
be formed from the Soviet Black Sea Fleet and the…
- p. 127 …t ,,D ES MA ! R K y 7
~ ~ §.~.Baltic 50ea
North Sea -?
- ASNDT1 4... .
NETHERLANDS
1…
- p. 131 …units and with additional naval units at sea-would
choose to attack with the two-front…
- p. 139 …4 NATO airbases Balte sea-
HAWK missile belt -
Penetration corridor - -
North Sea
i/
POLAND
- West Berlin…
- p. 144 …This
buffer for Pact territory, and defend Pact sea lines of would require effective coordination of…
- p. 145 …b The soviet Baltic Sea Fleet. Not included are minor surface combatants or 10 reserve ships…
- p. 146 …The Pact clearly is aware that the success of its
infantry regiment, the Polish sea landing…
- p. 147 …Pact planners also of ships assigned to protect Baltic sea lines would be
recognize that the…
- p. 148 …these air naval forces from the Black Sea. It also would
operations, and the speed with…
- p. 149 …southwestern
Brigrades .........-- 9e - - littoral of the Black Sea. Soviet surface naval forces
Soviet divisions in Hungary…
- p. 150 …and secure the and to advance to the Aegean Sea and from there into
IV-26
- p. 151 …Pact air and sea superiority in the Black Sea
would be particularly critical to the Pact…
- p. 152 …the initialattacks by Soviet ships and submarines of
bThe Black Sea Fleet and the Mediterranean Squadron…
- p. 153 …The Soviets no doubt realize, however, that the Sea Fleet, although reinforcement from the Northern
advantages…
- p. 154 …be reinforced cally available in the Black Sea Fleet, seven to
before the outbreak of hostilities…
- p. 155 -T _P.3_re4'
few, if any, large combatants from the Black Sea the Straits as…
- p. 156 …See paragraphs 102 and forces in the Norwegian Sea. Initially, we could expect
103 and table…
- p. 157 …Sealifted ground forces could gian Sea. If the Soviets chose to avoid Norwegian-
reinforce airborne and…
- p. 158 …The Soviets have about 130 operational cruise
Barents Seas and their approaches apparently consist missile and…
- p. 159 …submarines normally deployed to the Mediterranean Sea. 169. Another view "1holds that, in a typical initial…
- p. 160 …1 Sea control
N eMurmansk
_ G+UK "r'
Gap ''-1
(5Sea denial, ?"
Holy locit tRosyth Moscow…
- p. 161 …Once hostilities cover the approaches to the Norwegian Sea. Our
began, however, these forces probably would…
cal, radiological) protective system to allow operations missiles on the same vehicle-a characteristic which
in a toxic or radioactive environment. provides greater operational flexibility.
19. Variants of the BMP are also entering the Soviet 24. Replacement of the S-60 gun system with SA-6s
ground forces in increasing numbers. These include and SA-8s has proceeded much more rapidly in Soviet
the M-1974 command vehicle, the M-1975 surveil- forces in Eastern Europe than in those in the USSR or
lance vehicle, and the M-1976 reconnaissance vehicle, NSWP forces. Two-thirds of Soviet tank and motor-
which is replacing the PT-76, the only light tank in ized rifle divisions in Eastern Europe have been
service. The BMD, a lightly armored, airdromppahle, equipped with one or another of these systems. (See
assault vehicle is assigned to Soviet airborne divisions. table II-2.) Only about 10 percent of Soviet divisions in
It is amphibious and has the same weapons as the the USSR and four NSWP divisions have SA-6s,
larger 3MP, plus two additional machineguns. however, and no SA-8s have been fielded yet with
20. The NSWP ground forces are on the whole still non-Soviet forces. SA-6 regiments have been deployed
predlomiantly equipped with older A PCs. The East at army level, however, in most NSWP countries. S-60
German, Czechoslovak, and Polish ground forces, guns replaced by mobile SAMs may be reorganized
German,~~~~~~~~~ mzcolvkn ois rudfre, ito AA units for additional air defense of fronts orhowever, have large numbers of the more modern armies.
APCs, including some 1,600 BMPs and several thou-
sand BTR-60s or a Czechoslovak/Polish-manufactured 25. Pact ground forces are also equipped with the
equivalent. Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria are SA-7 Grail and SA-9 Gaskin missile systems. The SA-7
largely equipped with older APCs. Overall, the NSWP is fielded at the company level. It is a man-portable
ground forces have about 11,000 APCs. system with an infrared homing missile and is de-
21. Ground Force Air Defense Systems. Pact Table II-2
ground forces opposite NATO are equipped with a
variety of tactical surface-to-air missile (SAM) and Status of Air Defense Modernization in
antiaircraft (AA) gun systems. A program to replace Warsaw Pact Ground Force Divisions
gun systems and older SAMs with more mobile SAM Opposite NATO a
systems was begun in the late 1.960s and continues, January 1979
with Soviet units in Eastern Europe and along the -
Sino-Soviet border receiving highest priority. Upgrad- Equipped With
ing of the remaining Soviet units and of the NSWP
forces is proceeding more slowly. Divisions b SA-6 SA-8 AA
Soviet
22. The SA-4 Ganef, a long-range, medium-to-high- In Eastern Europe 31 19 5 7
altitude SAM system (see figure II-5), has replaced the In the USSR 72 7 1 64
older, less mobile SA-2 Guideline in Soviet front- and Total 103 26 6 71
army-level organizations. The SA-4 system represents
a maior improvement over the SA-2 because it has NSWPd
EatGermany 6 3 - 3
twice the range and each launcher has two missiles East Germany13 - - 13
available for refire. It has begun to appear in the Czechoslovakia 10 - - 10
inventories of Czechoslovak, East German, and Polish Hungary 6 1 - 5
forces as well, but in fewer numbers. Each of these Romania 10 - - 10
forces has deployed only one SA-4 brigade. The SA-3 Bulgaria 6 - - 6
Goa is still fielded with Soviet ground forces in the Total 51 4 47
forward area for point defense of airfields. _---- _- ---------- --__
Grand Total 154 30 6 118
23. The SA-6 Gainful and SA-8 Gecko systems are -Seefootnote to table II-1, following paragraph 3.
designed to replace the S-60 57-mm AA gun as b Does not include airborne divisions or the Polish Sea Landing
division-level air defense weapons. The SA-6 is a Division.
mobile, medium-range, low-to--medium altitude sys- . Most combat-ready and some reduced-strength or cadre divi-
tem. The SA-8 is a highly mobile, low-altitude system sions are also equipped with SA-9s and the ZSU-23-4 gun systems.
wvith approximately one-half the maximum missile All Pact divisions probably have the man-portable SA-7.ritane o imelyAf T heSA-8muismuniiu e amongPact Does not include nine army-level SA-6 regiments in Polish,rantge of the SA-6. The SA-8 is unique among Pact Czechoslovak, Hungarian, Romanian, and Bulgarian ground forces.
SAM systems in that it carries both its radar and s--
11-7
oTp-Se et