“Sea”60+ pages
- p. 8 …I1-41
Capabilities for Exercising Sea Denial in NATO's Sea Lines of
Communication 11-41…
- p. 9 …IV-25
Initial Naval Operations in the Black Sea IV-27
Initial Air and Naval Operations…
- p. 16 …European NATO and the Warsaw Pact Figure 1
,'-
-
"''i 'Fr,~'""' NNA TO countries Benes Sea
Warsaw…
- p. 20 …An area in the
Norwegian Sea north of the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom
10
- p. 21 …The forces of the Baltic and Black
Sea Combined Fleets initially would be under the control…
- p. 22 …To assist in the achievement of air and sea superiority and to protect the
amphibious force…
- p. 23 …The Soviets would
attempt to neutralize Western SSBNs near their bases and in the
Norwegian Sea…
- p. 28 …Extent, Emphasis, and Timing of the Soviet Interdiction
Campaign Against NATO Sea Lines of Communications (SLOC…
- p. 30 …Likely Effectiveness of Pact Operations To Achieve Air
Superiority and Sea Control in the Baltic Sea…
- p. 31 …Likelihood of Soviet Use of Nuclear Weapons at Sea Before
Their Use on Land. Navy judges…
- p. 42 …At sea the establishment and maintenance of
36. The Soviets recognize the formidable strength Soviet naval…
- p. 50 …not include airborne divisions or the Polish Sea Landing
division-level air defense weapons. The SA…
- p. 54 …7
Barents Sea Soviet NSWP
NorweqianA'Motr iisio rifle
Norwegian divisionCategory I
Sea Category II
Category…
- p. 60 Peacetime Location of Warsaw Pact Air Forces Opposite NATO Figure 1-8
Barents Sea Soviet NSWP…
- p. 71 …For operations in the Mediterranean Sea,
January 1979 the Black Sea Fleet furnishes most of the…
- p. 72 …PO A
; re
-t {
- Black Sea Fleet
ROMANI A
-UGM (Dsevastopo -
BUGRAFleet Caspian
headquarters Black Sea…
- p. 73 …If the Soviets were not concerned with covert
deployment of their ships to sea, they could…
- p. 74 …number of ships able to put to sea on short have some 30 principal surface combatants…
- p. 75 …The wartime missions of the Warsaw Pact's
general purpose naval forces are to exercise sea…
- p. 77 lop et
Selected Soviet Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles Figure II-21a
Maximum system
Payload (kg) Speed…
- p. 78 Nominal Flight Profiles of Selected Soviet Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles Figure II-21b
Altitude (m)
18…
- p. 79 …but can into the Baltic and Black Sea Fleet air forces to date
remain submerged for…
- p. 80 …In the antiship role, wartime operational con- against ships at sea. The Fitters, however, all of…
- p. 83 …Pact fleets in the Baltic and Black Seas.
IL-38 May TU-142 Bear F
bottom…
- p. 84 …Capabilities for Exercising Sea Denial in NATO Sea
Lines of Communication
142. In wartime, the Soviets…
- p. 85 …of a conflict when NATO
Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and much of the Norwegian would…
- p. 86 Table II-9 Northern Fleet submarine bases and the North
Atlantic sea lanes. They point out…
- p. 87 …In the Black Sea area, the combined Nuclear weapons allocations that we have noted
strength of…
- p. 95 …with either land- or sea-based missile forces. The LRA
H-II SSBN . 4/12 intermediate…
- p. 96 …This latest Soviet bomber has a combat particularly naval task forces at sea During exercises,
radius…
- p. 100 …Sea-Level Thrust-kN (lb r) 120 (27,000) 105 (23,500)
Installed Maximum Afterburner Sea…
- p. 102 …bulk-fill artillery and mor-
ships at sea, points of embarkation, forward storage tar shells; multiple…
- p. 112 …A shortage of technicians would oilers from their home fleets could operate at sea for
probably…
- p. 113 …The Soviets
to sustain operations at sea. rarely have been observed practicing this, however,
and instead…
- p. 114 …For naval and civilian, probably would seek to minimize
example, emergency action drills at sea are…
- p. 115 …developed to permit the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets to
foreseeable future, of marginal value be…
- p. 118 …Pact operations in the western
and sea areas, including islands (archipelagos), Baltic Sea also would be…
- p. 121 …Barents Sea
Maritime /
T VD 49 shr rri s /
Norwegian
ICELAND '1 I '
Sea T''f…
- p. 122 …The Combined Black Sea Fleet would
be formed from the Soviet Black Sea Fleet and the…
- p. 127 …t ,,D ES MA ! R K y 7
~ ~ §.~.Baltic 50ea
North Sea -?
- ASNDT1 4... .
NETHERLANDS
1…
- p. 131 …units and with additional naval units at sea-would
choose to attack with the two-front…
- p. 139 …4 NATO airbases Balte sea-
HAWK missile belt -
Penetration corridor - -
North Sea
i/
POLAND
- West Berlin…
- p. 144 …This
buffer for Pact territory, and defend Pact sea lines of would require effective coordination of…
- p. 145 …b The soviet Baltic Sea Fleet. Not included are minor surface combatants or 10 reserve ships…
- p. 146 …The Pact clearly is aware that the success of its
infantry regiment, the Polish sea landing…
- p. 147 …Pact planners also of ships assigned to protect Baltic sea lines would be
recognize that the…
- p. 148 …these air naval forces from the Black Sea. It also would
operations, and the speed with…
- p. 149 …southwestern
Brigrades .........-- 9e - - littoral of the Black Sea. Soviet surface naval forces
Soviet divisions in Hungary…
- p. 150 …and secure the and to advance to the Aegean Sea and from there into
IV-26
- p. 151 …Pact air and sea superiority in the Black Sea
would be particularly critical to the Pact…
- p. 152 …the initialattacks by Soviet ships and submarines of
bThe Black Sea Fleet and the Mediterranean Squadron…
- p. 153 …The Soviets no doubt realize, however, that the Sea Fleet, although reinforcement from the Northern
advantages…
- p. 154 …be reinforced cally available in the Black Sea Fleet, seven to
before the outbreak of hostilities…
- p. 155 -T _P.3_re4'
few, if any, large combatants from the Black Sea the Straits as…
- p. 156 …See paragraphs 102 and forces in the Norwegian Sea. Initially, we could expect
103 and table…
- p. 157 …Sealifted ground forces could gian Sea. If the Soviets chose to avoid Norwegian-
reinforce airborne and…
- p. 158 …The Soviets have about 130 operational cruise
Barents Seas and their approaches apparently consist missile and…
- p. 159 …submarines normally deployed to the Mediterranean Sea. 169. Another view "1holds that, in a typical initial…
- p. 160 …1 Sea control
N eMurmansk
_ G+UK "r'
Gap ''-1
(5Sea denial, ?"
Holy locit tRosyth Moscow…
- p. 161 …Once hostilities cover the approaches to the Norwegian Sea. Our
began, however, these forces probably would…
Top Zaet
Fleets being fielded. Some common computer programs are
being used for logistics and battle management sup-
13. In wartime, the Pact would have two combined port at army level and above.
fleets opposite NATO: the Baltic and Black Sea Com-
bined Fleets, both under Soviet Command. The Com-
bined Baltic Fleet would consist of elements from the
Soviet Baltic Fleet and from the Polish and East
German Navies. The Combined Black Sea Fleet would
be formed from the Soviet Black Sea Fleet and the
Romanian and Bulgarian Navies. The Soviets' North- 18. Soviet military writings indicate that, at times,
ern Fleet and the Soviet Fifth Squadron (Eskadra) in the actions of theater commands (High Commands)
the Mediterranean would support Pact operations and front commands would be coordinated and moni-
under the control of the Main Naval Staff in Moscow, tored by representatives of the VGK and General Staff
although in some cases control might be exercised by deployed from Moscow to the field. These representa-
continental theater-level commands. tives would interpret the VGK's orders, report on
progress and problems, and help the commanders
B. Measures for Control of Combined obtain support from Moscow command authorities.
Operations 19. Representatives of the Headquarters of the
14. The Soviets intend to maintain centralized con- Warsaw Pact-all Soviet officers-provide liaison be-
trol of all Pact military operations. To this end they tween Pact headquarters and national general staffs
have devised a variety of mechanisms to facilitate and monitor NSWP forces to ensure conformity with
their control over Pact planning, training, and Soviet requirements. Except in Romania, these repre-
communications. sentatives appear to have access to most aspects of
NSWP military decisionmaking, planning, and oper-
War Plans ations. They have large staffs to assist them and special
communications that provide access to key NSWP
15. The Soviet General Staff develops strategic ob- leaders as well as to the Pact's Headquarters and the
jectives for the Pact, and assigns specific missions and Soviet General Staff. Also, senior Soviet officers are
planning guidelines to Soviet commands and to the assigned to all major NSWP command elements and,
General Staffs of the non-Soviet Warsaw Pact (NSWP) at least in East Germany, down to division level. We
countries. In turn, these commands and staffs prepare expect these officers would remain at their posts
detailed operational plans and NSWP planners obtain during wartime.
national approval. The Soviet General Staff reviews
and gives final approval to all plans to ensure that Operations Groups
operations are fully integrated throughout the theater
and consistent with the accomplishment of Soviet 20. The use of operations groups to perform liaison
objectives. and control functions is central to Soviet control and
integration of Pact military operations. Such groups
Standardization were used during World War II to integrate Soviet and
East European. operations and are widely used in
16. The adoption of Soviet military doctrine in the contemporary exercises. Officers and supporting com-
NSWP forces has produced a high degree of standard- munications elements are sent from service headquar-
ization in training and command and control proce- ters to major field commands, from superior to subor-
dures. This doctrine is propagated by frequent exer- dinate echelons, and laterally between commands to
cises and by training NSWP officers in Soviet military facilitate coordination. In the Pact context, perhaps
academies. It is reinforced by the use of Russian as the the most important operations groups would be those
official language for combined Pact military oper- sent to NSWP fronts by local Soviet headquarters to
ations and by various standard operating procedures integrate those NSWP fronts into the overall Soviet
and formats that minimize language difficulties. General Staff command system.
17. Pact standardization is being increasingly
reflected in communications equipment and'in auto-
mated command and staff information support sys-
tems. Common radio equipment of various types is
II1-7
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