“Sea”60+ pages
- p. 8 …I1-41
Capabilities for Exercising Sea Denial in NATO's Sea Lines of
Communication 11-41…
- p. 9 …IV-25
Initial Naval Operations in the Black Sea IV-27
Initial Air and Naval Operations…
- p. 16 …European NATO and the Warsaw Pact Figure 1
,'-
-
"''i 'Fr,~'""' NNA TO countries Benes Sea
Warsaw…
- p. 20 …An area in the
Norwegian Sea north of the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom
10
- p. 21 …The forces of the Baltic and Black
Sea Combined Fleets initially would be under the control…
- p. 22 …To assist in the achievement of air and sea superiority and to protect the
amphibious force…
- p. 23 …The Soviets would
attempt to neutralize Western SSBNs near their bases and in the
Norwegian Sea…
- p. 28 …Extent, Emphasis, and Timing of the Soviet Interdiction
Campaign Against NATO Sea Lines of Communications (SLOC…
- p. 30 …Likely Effectiveness of Pact Operations To Achieve Air
Superiority and Sea Control in the Baltic Sea…
- p. 31 …Likelihood of Soviet Use of Nuclear Weapons at Sea Before
Their Use on Land. Navy judges…
- p. 42 …At sea the establishment and maintenance of
36. The Soviets recognize the formidable strength Soviet naval…
- p. 50 …not include airborne divisions or the Polish Sea Landing
division-level air defense weapons. The SA…
- p. 54 …7
Barents Sea Soviet NSWP
NorweqianA'Motr iisio rifle
Norwegian divisionCategory I
Sea Category II
Category…
- p. 60 Peacetime Location of Warsaw Pact Air Forces Opposite NATO Figure 1-8
Barents Sea Soviet NSWP…
- p. 71 …For operations in the Mediterranean Sea,
January 1979 the Black Sea Fleet furnishes most of the…
- p. 72 …PO A
; re
-t {
- Black Sea Fleet
ROMANI A
-UGM (Dsevastopo -
BUGRAFleet Caspian
headquarters Black Sea…
- p. 73 …If the Soviets were not concerned with covert
deployment of their ships to sea, they could…
- p. 74 …number of ships able to put to sea on short have some 30 principal surface combatants…
- p. 75 …The wartime missions of the Warsaw Pact's
general purpose naval forces are to exercise sea…
- p. 77 lop et
Selected Soviet Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles Figure II-21a
Maximum system
Payload (kg) Speed…
- p. 78 Nominal Flight Profiles of Selected Soviet Sea-Launched Cruise Missiles Figure II-21b
Altitude (m)
18…
- p. 79 …but can into the Baltic and Black Sea Fleet air forces to date
remain submerged for…
- p. 80 …In the antiship role, wartime operational con- against ships at sea. The Fitters, however, all of…
- p. 83 …Pact fleets in the Baltic and Black Seas.
IL-38 May TU-142 Bear F
bottom…
- p. 84 …Capabilities for Exercising Sea Denial in NATO Sea
Lines of Communication
142. In wartime, the Soviets…
- p. 85 …of a conflict when NATO
Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and much of the Norwegian would…
- p. 86 Table II-9 Northern Fleet submarine bases and the North
Atlantic sea lanes. They point out…
- p. 87 …In the Black Sea area, the combined Nuclear weapons allocations that we have noted
strength of…
- p. 95 …with either land- or sea-based missile forces. The LRA
H-II SSBN . 4/12 intermediate…
- p. 96 …This latest Soviet bomber has a combat particularly naval task forces at sea During exercises,
radius…
- p. 100 …Sea-Level Thrust-kN (lb r) 120 (27,000) 105 (23,500)
Installed Maximum Afterburner Sea…
- p. 102 …bulk-fill artillery and mor-
ships at sea, points of embarkation, forward storage tar shells; multiple…
- p. 112 …A shortage of technicians would oilers from their home fleets could operate at sea for
probably…
- p. 113 …The Soviets
to sustain operations at sea. rarely have been observed practicing this, however,
and instead…
- p. 114 …For naval and civilian, probably would seek to minimize
example, emergency action drills at sea are…
- p. 115 …developed to permit the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets to
foreseeable future, of marginal value be…
- p. 118 …Pact operations in the western
and sea areas, including islands (archipelagos), Baltic Sea also would be…
- p. 121 …Barents Sea
Maritime /
T VD 49 shr rri s /
Norwegian
ICELAND '1 I '
Sea T''f…
- p. 122 …The Combined Black Sea Fleet would
be formed from the Soviet Black Sea Fleet and the…
- p. 127 …t ,,D ES MA ! R K y 7
~ ~ §.~.Baltic 50ea
North Sea -?
- ASNDT1 4... .
NETHERLANDS
1…
- p. 131 …units and with additional naval units at sea-would
choose to attack with the two-front…
- p. 139 …4 NATO airbases Balte sea-
HAWK missile belt -
Penetration corridor - -
North Sea
i/
POLAND
- West Berlin…
- p. 144 …This
buffer for Pact territory, and defend Pact sea lines of would require effective coordination of…
- p. 145 …b The soviet Baltic Sea Fleet. Not included are minor surface combatants or 10 reserve ships…
- p. 146 …The Pact clearly is aware that the success of its
infantry regiment, the Polish sea landing…
- p. 147 …Pact planners also of ships assigned to protect Baltic sea lines would be
recognize that the…
- p. 148 …these air naval forces from the Black Sea. It also would
operations, and the speed with…
- p. 149 …southwestern
Brigrades .........-- 9e - - littoral of the Black Sea. Soviet surface naval forces
Soviet divisions in Hungary…
- p. 150 …and secure the and to advance to the Aegean Sea and from there into
IV-26
- p. 151 …Pact air and sea superiority in the Black Sea
would be particularly critical to the Pact…
- p. 152 …the initialattacks by Soviet ships and submarines of
bThe Black Sea Fleet and the Mediterranean Squadron…
- p. 153 …The Soviets no doubt realize, however, that the Sea Fleet, although reinforcement from the Northern
advantages…
- p. 154 …be reinforced cally available in the Black Sea Fleet, seven to
before the outbreak of hostilities…
- p. 155 -T _P.3_re4'
few, if any, large combatants from the Black Sea the Straits as…
- p. 156 …See paragraphs 102 and forces in the Norwegian Sea. Initially, we could expect
103 and table…
- p. 157 …Sealifted ground forces could gian Sea. If the Soviets chose to avoid Norwegian-
reinforce airborne and…
- p. 158 …The Soviets have about 130 operational cruise
Barents Seas and their approaches apparently consist missile and…
- p. 159 …submarines normally deployed to the Mediterranean Sea. 169. Another view "1holds that, in a typical initial…
- p. 160 …1 Sea control
N eMurmansk
_ G+UK "r'
Gap ''-1
(5Sea denial, ?"
Holy locit tRosyth Moscow…
- p. 161 …Once hostilities cover the approaches to the Norwegian Sea. Our
began, however, these forces probably would…
operations regularly use naval communications cir-
cuits. Many merchant ships are drilled in or have
onboard instructions for the use of naval communica-
tions, and it appears that all merchant ships are at least
nominally prepared for being placed rapidly under
naval control in a crisis. In addition, the Navy has the
option of using merchant communications circuits for
command and control, an option it occasionally exer-
cises. Merchant and naval distress communications
traffic continues to indicate that a central authority is
cognizant of the location of all merchant shipping on a
near-real-time, 24-hour basis. The Soviets view naval
command and control over merchant shipping as a
routine measure which can be widely implemented in
an emergency without the necessity of advanced
notices and prior coordination. Thus, before the begin-
ning of hostilities and subsequently, selected merchant
marine ships which are not already under Navy
control and perhaps a few fishing fleet assets probably
would be directed to relatively safe locales where they
could service combatants or naval auxiliaries and
become part of the logistic force.
255. In the past, damage control in the Soviet Navy 258. In view of the limitations of most Soviet naval
has been grossly deficient. Over the past two years, auxiliaries for conducting underway replenishment,
however, the Soviets have placed new emphasis on we believe that only those naval oilers capable of
improved damage control readiness. Recent evidence. underway refueling would operate in the general area
indicates that the fleet leadership is paying increased of combat operations. All other support ships, both
attention to this critical aspect of seamanship. For naval and civilian, probably would seek to minimize
example, emergency action drills at sea are being their presence in combat areas.
reported to fleet headquarters, a practice we did not 259. Forward Basing. To support their worldwide
observe until about two years ago. naval operations the Soviets continue to seek access to
256. Other Maritime Assets. The foregoing esti- foreign shore facilities for logistic purposes, major
mates of sustainability were derived on the assumption repairs, communications, and support of aircraft de-
that only naval auxiliary support ships would be ployments. They receive POL products in a small
available during the initial stages of conflict. The number of selected ports. Various, levels of repair
merchant fleet, however, is routinely employed to support are available at shore facilities in Yugoslavia,
augment the naval auxiliary force, and we expect this Syria, Tunisia, and Cuba, and from Soviet Navy repair
ships in protected anchorages or in port in Angola and
support to continue in wartime. Merchant tankers the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY).
currently arovide more than half the fuel elivered to Communications facilities for fleet support have been
deployed naval ships, although with the gradually established in Syria, Cuba, Angola, and the PDRY, andincreasing availability of improved naval oilers, that arili ntefrttrecutisaeue ySve
portion will diminish. The Navy has an effective airfields in the first three countries are used by Soviet
command and control relationship with the merchant Naval Aviation aircraft to stage reconnaissance flights.
and fishing fleets and directs those merchant and But the Soviets no longer have the use of port facilities
fishing ship operations which may affect naval and airfields in Egypt and Somalia, and the Guinean
readiness.- Government recently halted Soviet air operations from
Conakry. These developments will obviously force the
257. Many officers in these fleets are also reserve Soviet leadership to continue its search for the use of
officers in the Soviet Navy, and occasionally active- port and airfield facilities in Africa and the Indian
duty naval officers are assigned to merchant ships with Ocean littoral from which the Soviets can stage air-
appropriate cover. Merchant tankers under charter to craft and carry out fleet maintenance during peace-
the naval auxiliary tanker fleet to support naval time operations.
Il-71
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