CIA/CSI/ History Staff Monograph, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and Oxcart Programs, 16 July 2002.

The Final Overflights of
the Soviet Union,
1959-1960
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THE U-2 AND THE "MISSILE-GAP" DEBATE
Despite President Eisenhower's reluctance to send U-2s over the
Soviet Bloc, he once again authorized overflights in the summer of
1959, after a pause of more than a year. The overriding factor in his
decision was the growing "missile-gap" controversy, which had its
roots in a series of dramatic Soviet announcements during the second
half of 1957. The first announcement revealed the successful test of
an intercontinental ballistic missile in August. Then in October, the
Soviets announced the successful orbiting of the world's first artificial
earth satellite, Sputnik. One month later the Soviets orbited a second
satellite containing a dog and a television camera. To many
Americans, including some influential members of Congress, the
Soviet Union's space successes seemed to indicate that its missile
program was ahead of that of the United States. By the spring of
1958, after the United States had successfully launched several satel-
lites, fears of a space technology gap between the two superpowers
had eased. By the end of the year, however, new concerns arose that
the Soviet Union was producing a missile arsenal that would be much
larger than that of the United States. This was the famous missile gap
that received widespread publicity beginning in early 1959.'
The missile-gap controversy was fueled by Soviet boasts about
the success of their missile program. On 4 December 1958, a Soviet
delegate to the Geneva Conference on Surprise Attack stated: "Soviet
ICBMs are at present in mass production." Five days later, Soviet
For an overview of the controversy. see Roy E. Licklider, "The Missile Gap
Controversy," Political Science Quarterly 85 (1970):600-615.
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