USSR: Measures of Economic Growth and Development, 1950-80

Approved for Release: 2019/07/19 C05210421
Table C-5 Million tons
USSR: Derivation of Milling Byproducts
Available for Livestock Feeding
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
_ (est.)
Total 13.15 13.12 11.88 10.65 13.60 13.38 14.06
Wheat flour“ 9.89 9.78 8.82 7.74 10.31 10.07 10.66
Rye flour“ 1.14 1.13 .85 .66 1.00 .98 1.03
Groatsb 2.12 2.21 2.21 2.25 2.29 2.33 2.37
3 The difference between quantity of flour produced and the quantity
of grain required to produce the flour. Data for flour production for
1973-74 are from Narkhoz 1975, p. 297, for 1975-78 are from
Narkhoz I 978, p. 184. The share of wheat flour was 83 percent of to-
tal flour in 1973-74, 84 percent in 1975-76, and 85 percent in 1977-
78; the remainder is assumed rye flour. The amount of byproducts
from production of flour other than wheat and rye is negligible.
Extraction rates for wheat flour, for 1973-78 are assumed to be 78.3,
78.1, 80.0, 78.0, 78.0; for rye flour, 86.5, 86.3, 88.8, 91.0, 86.5. The
assumptions are guided by official statements concerning changes in
shares of sortovaya (graded) flours produced.
b The difference between the quantity of groats produced and the
quantity of grain required. Data on production of groats are found in
the following sources: 1973: M ukomol ‘no-elevatornaya i k0mbikor-
movaya promyshlennost’, no. 3, 1974, p.2; 1974: P.A. Lokshin,
Spros proizvodstvo torgovlya, Moscow, 1975, p. 74. 1975, 1979:
Vest stat, no 10, 1980, p. 79. 1976-78 are interpolated. The
extraction rate for groats is 62.5 percent, the same as rice. The above
sources do not always give total groats production; in those cases
where the quantity produced above plan is the only indication of
production, production for the current year is assumed to be
production of the previous year plus the quantity produced above
plan.
seems likely that private sector feeding of vegetables
would be substantial and could be equal to socialized
sector feeding in some years.
Whole milk. Quantities of whole milk fed to livestock
are estimates based on incomplete data for most
years. Official statistics for the total quantity of whole
milk fed could be found for only one year, 1970. The
series is derived in table C-10.
C. Eggs for Hatching
For the years 1953, 1957-60, and 1965-70, Soviet
sources provide data on numbers of young poultry
hatched in incubators. These data are used to calcu-
late a poultry balance to estimate the number of birds
expended per unit of poultry meat. These data, how-
ever, probably exclude eggs hatched in the private
sector.
The ratios in table C-11 are arbitrarily interpolated
and extrapolated to derive estimates of the number of
birds expended and lost in other years. The ratios
indicate that the average weight of poultry slaugh- .
tered for meat is dropping which is consistent with
increasing emphasis on production of broiler meat.
Previously, almost all poultry meat came from culled
laying hens, which tend to be heavier than broilers.
We use an estimated hatching rate of 65 percent,
which compares with 77 percent in the US in recent
years.“° No allowance has been made for changes in
the hatching rate over time. The mortality rate for
poultry used to increase flocks is estimated at 20 ‘
percent."° Table C12 shows estimates of hatching
eggs for all years.
“" Calculations of hatching rates for the US rely on data from
USDA, Agricultural Statistics 1978, pp. 403 and 414. Chicks
hatched by commercial hatcheries can be compared with statistics
on eggs used for hatching. The implied hatching rate is 70-80
percent for 1975-77. The actual hatching rate may be higher since
eggs used for hatching include eggs hatched on farms while the
figures on chicks hatched are only for commercial hatcheries.
'1" Mortality rates for the US can be calculated from ibid., p. 400.
The number of chickens produced in the US is shown as the sum of
the number raised minus the number lost. The mortality rate is
about 15 to 20 percent. We assume this rate is valid for all types of
poultry.
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Approved for Release: 2019/07/19 C05210421