USSR: Measures of Economic Growth and Development, 1950-80

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The most complete data on grain seeding are available
for oblasts of the RSFSR (G. V. Kulik et al., Spra-
vochnik ekonomista kolkhoza i sovkhoza, Moscow,
1970, pp. 417-428). Data are also available for Belo-
russia (I. M. Kachuro et al., Normativnye materialy
po seI'sk0mu khozyaystvu, Minsk, 1969, p. 46-50)
and for Moldavia (F. Goryachenko, Spravochnik
ekonomista p0 planirovaniyu v kolkhozakh 1'
s0vkh0-
.zakh, Kishinev, 1967, p. 189). Seeding rates for all
other Soviet republics are estimated from these three
sources. Seeding in nonchernozem oblasts of the
Ukraine is estimated at the rate for Belorussia while
the remaining Ukrainian oblasts are assumed compa-
rable to Rostov oblast in the North Caucasus. Kok-
chetav and Northern Kazakhstan are equated with
Omsk in Western Siberia; all other Kazakhstan ob-
lasts are assumed seeded at rates for Orenburg in the
Ural region. Belorussian seeding rates are applied to
the Baltic republics. The Central Asian republics of
Kirgizia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekis-
tan are assumed comparable to the Kalmyk and
Dagestan ASSRs. The Dagestan analog is also used
for Azerbaydzhan, Armenia, and Georgia.
For pulse crops, a weighted seeding rate for each
republic was derived by combining sown area with
seeding rates for peas, kidney beans, lentils, other
pulses, as well as vetch, lupin, and seradella for grain.
Belorussian seeding rates for each pulse crop are
assumed applicable to the Baltic republics; rates for
Moldavia are available from Goryachenko, and all-
RSFSR rates were used for remaining republics.
Corn for silage and green fodder is assumed sown in
all republics at the midpoint of the range 30 to 40
kilograms per hectare, given as the all-USSR seeding
rate in S.D. Kosaurov et al, Norrpativnyy spravochnik
seI'sk0kh0zyaystvenn0g0 proizvodstva, Moscow,
1967, p. 17.
B. Agricultural Commodities Used for Feed
Grain. The basic data for grain fed in 1960-79 are
derived from official Soviet statistics on quantities of
concentrates fed. The methodology is explained in A
(ER) 75-68, p. 33-34, which sets out the calculations
for 1960-73. The data since 1970 have been revised
slightly‘ because data on extraction rates for flour—
which changed the estimate of millfeed concentrates
307
available——have been updated. The data for 1973-79
are presented in table C-4. To estimate grain fed
during 1950-59, an index based on quantities of
concentrates required annually to produce livestock
products, to increase herd inventories, and to maintain
horses was used. This synthetic index agrees generally
with an index based on the official series of concen-
trates fed in later years. (See ER 79-10057, USSR:
Long-Term Outlookfor Grain Imports, January 1979,
p. 13.) Because the requirements-based index is more
consistent with what we believe occurred during the
1950s, we have chosen to use the requirements-based
index to estimate quantities of grain fed during 1950-
59, that is, the index was used to move the 1960
estimated quantity of grain fed (the base weight) back
to 1950. Estimated quantities of grain fed are reduced
by the same type of discount—based on weather
conditions and crop size—used to discount grain
production (see discussion on pp. 18-19, above.)
Potatoes. Data for potatoes fed are taken from official
Soviet statistics for 1961-70, published in United
States Department of Agriculture, Economic Re-
search Service, Foreign 355, (undated), Livestock
Feed Balancesfor the USSR, p. 20. For 1950-60 and
1971-79, quantities of potatoes fed are estimated from
an independently constructed balance. We assume
potatoes not used for seed, human consumption, and
industrial uses are fed to livestock. Table C-6 presents
the basic data from which the balance is derived.
Table C-7 shows the estimated quantities of potatoes
available for feed. The calculation is as follows:
Cto) + 1(0) + C(1)+ 1(1)
Q = P(0)- S(1)- _ _
.
2 V
Q = residual quantity available for
feed '
production of current year
seed required for crop of next
year
human consumption of current
year ,
industrial use of current year
human consumption of next
year
industrial use of next year‘
where
Pto) =
'S(1) =
C(o) =
1(0) =
Cu) =
I(|) =
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