Documents / FOIA release
This Central Intelligence Agency conference report, numbered RTT 95-10039 and dated October 1995, presents the proceedings of a conference held 30 September to 1 October 1993. The CIA's Geographic Resources Division sponsored the conference. In it, academic geographers, anthropologists and US Government officials examined ethnic conflict by region, covering Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, Asia and South Asia. The report also discusses what these conflicts mean for US policy. It does not deal with UFOs or unidentified aerial phenomena.
“United Press”11 pages
Approved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268 Table 2 Percent Ethnodemographic Trends, 1959-89 Titular Nation in the Homeland Titular Nation in the 'Ibtal Population Republic 1959 p 19s9 Percentage Point Change 1959 1989 Percentage Point Change Russia 85.8 A sza -3.2 83.3 81.5 -1.8 Ukraine 86.3 _ 841 '1:6, W 76.8 72.7 -4.1 Belarus 82.5 p 181 -3.7 81.1 77.9 -3.2 Moldova #51 _ 8&4 -1.8 65.4 64.5 -0.9 Uzbekistan 83.8 _ 843 0.9 62.1 71.4 9.3 l(azakhstan'fl” 77.2 p soa 3.1 30.0 39.7 9.7 Kyrgyzstan_ 7_ 86.4 _ ssa 1.8 40.5 52.4 11.9 Tajikistan 75.2 _ vsz 0.1 53.1 62.3 9.2 Turkmenistan Q12 g 930 0.8 60.9 72.0 11.1 Georgia 965 ' 95.1 -1.5 64.3 70.1 5.8 Azerbaijan 343 I ssn 0.9 67.5 82.7 15.2 Armenia §§7 p sen 11.0 88.0 sis 5.3 Lithuania 915 p 953 2.8 79.3 79.6 0.3 Landa A 92.7 _ 954 2.4 62.0 52.0 -10.0 Estonia 90.3 . 93.8 3.5 74.6 61.5 -13.1 Source: Robert Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, in press), tables 4.1 and 4.3. In Georgia a slightly different interethnic dynamic regarding social mobility and relative deprivation developed. The Georgians in Abkhazia, who view this tenitory as part of their homeland, were angered by the preferential treatment accorded Abkhazians as part of the indigenization program. Abkhazians were only 17 percent of the population but, as the titular group in Abkhazia, had a much higher percent of slots in higher education, high status jobs, and political repre- sentation reserved for them. In Nagomo-Karabakh the demographic shift toward Azeris was coupled with Azeri challenges to Armenian privileges in the region. In both cases the Georgian and Azeri attempts to remove or reduce Abkhazian and Armenian privileges resulted in civil warfare, as Abkhazians and Arme- nians in Nagorna-Karabakh sought to secede. It is also true, however, that the most socially mobi- lized titular nations, that is, the Estonians, Latvians, Georgians, and Armenians—are also among the most nationalistic. The Soviet case provides convincing evidence that socioeconomic development or modern- ization, and even the provision of indigenous privi- leges, did not solve the national problem. Nearly all non-Russians have used the rhetoric of intemal colonialism. The least developed, such as the Tajiks, charge that the USSR did not live up to its promise of interethnic and interregional equalization. The most developed, such as the Estonians, charge that they would be even more developed if they had their independence. This feeling of relative depriva- tion was a potent catalyst for rising territorial national- ism that ironically was perhaps most influential in the most developed republics because the message of external exploitation and domination interacted with the trend toward demographic dilution among nations with a highly developed national consciousness and a sense of homeland. 65 Approved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268
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FOIA release, from the cia-readingroom collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is under it. 205 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.