Documents / FOIA release
(Estimated Pub Date) the Challenge of Ethnic Conflict to National and International Order in the 1990S: Geographic Perspectives- October 1995
Central Intelligence Agency · 1995-10-01 · 205 pages · text from the file's own layer
This Central Intelligence Agency conference report, numbered RTT 95-10039 and dated October 1995, presents the proceedings of a conference held 30 September to 1 October 1993. The CIA's Geographic Resources Division sponsored the conference. In it, academic geographers, anthropologists and US Government officials examined ethnic conflict by region, covering Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, Asia and South Asia. The report also discusses what these conflicts mean for US policy. It does not deal with UFOs or unidentified aerial phenomena.
“Nevers”25 pages
- p. 50 …For example,
Muslim Serbs and Muslim Croats never defined them-
selves as a people. They never…
- p. 51 …I think that’s very crucial to under-
standing why the Albanians never claimed Kosovo.
Of…
- p. 62 …be taught as a second foreign language, never
as the first, and d_) less information and…
- p. 78 …It never
was. It might be useful, instead, to view the Soviet
Union as a colonial…
- p. 91 …As such, the
ability of states to get from their people what they
want has never…
- p. 92 …The peoples of Africa never chose what their bound-
aries should be—they were imposed by…
- p. 93 …I never would have sent them in the
first place. I thought our job was to…
- p. 109 …Most of
the provisions of this agreement were never imple-
mented, and Kurdish autononiy became a…
- p. 110 …those remaining in Lebanon, that prospect was
never accepted by Muslims. The absence of believable
data…
- p. 112 …the vast majority of them—who have
never known democracy. Other hopes can be enter-
tained…
- p. 114 …But in this region we can never say never, as evi-
denced by the recent gasp…
- p. 116 …Although Sovietologists could never have predicted
the rapid events that dismantled the USSR at the
beginning…
- p. 119 …The Chinese, in my opinion,‘ never take China for
granted, culturally, politically, or otherwise. This is…
- p. 120 …What is going on here?
National identities, although imagined, are never arbi-
trary but arise in…
- p. 121 …be one reason why these categories have never been
challenged. The very Confucian practice of the…
- p. 123 …These ethnic identities are “imagined” in Ben Ander-
son’s (1983) terms, but they are never…
- p. 133 …Inter-
vention in the cause of the exacerbation of ethnic
conflict should never be justified. Intervention…
- p. 141 …Sociocultural identities in South Asia have never been
fixed. The corporate mobility of particular groups,
some…
- p. 147 …Although never posing a
serious challenge to Congress, the Mahasabha was
particularly influential in the period…
- p. 157 …were always moderate and that the extremists
never represented the Sikh rank and file.
One fundamental…
- p. 166 …These are the people who
have never had any form of internationally recognized
status and who…
- p. 169 …ways to enter as
illegal immigrants and never get counted.
1
I
Another important point to…
- p. 177 …The -French nation never managed to incorpo-
rate the adjacent French-speaking Belgian Walloons
or the…
- p. 186 …The reason
Armenians still hate Turks is that there has never been
reconciliation. Similarly there will…
- p. 204 …You are never going to have total agreement on mov-
ing boundaries. In fact, hundreds of…
Approved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268
The second question is: how do we evaluate the poli-
cies of individual states in relation to minority groups,
in particular, tenitorial policies? There was an
extended discussion in the paper of the Basque situa-
tion, where power has been devolved to regions of a
quasiautonomous nature. Despite this devolution, a
continuation of fairly strong anti-Madrid bias can still
be seen in voting pattems in Spain. At the same time,
overt violence has been reduced. This raises questions
about the impact of state policies that acknowledge
the existence of ethnic concentrations and use territo-
rial policies to incorporate ethnic groups in the deci-
sionmaking process. It may mean—as has happened
to a degree in the Basque case—that bringing a sepa-
ratist group into the decisionmaking structure may
marginalize the more violent elements of the group.
General Discussion
QUESTION: With regard to ethnic issues, what poli-
cies are likely to best promote US interests in the
region? ,
_ __
DR. MURPHY: The United States has an interest in a
stable and economically vital Europe. This would sug-
gest that it is in the US interest to promote the kind of
policy options that lead to stability from an ethnic
standpoint. That may mean some of the kinds of terri-
torial policies that I suggested. It also means that the 4
United States should promote the idea of a European
Community that does not just look like a much more
centralized community but one that actually facilitates
the kinds of regional linkages that Dr. Williams has
outlined. We should be not be scared of the fact that
the nation-state is changing. It is in the US interest to
promote the kind of regional arrangements that will
lead to a more stable and outward~looking Europe.
58
Approved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268
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About this file
FOIA release, from the cia-readingroom collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is under it. 205 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.