Documents / FOIA release

(Estimated Pub Date) the Challenge of Ethnic Conflict to National and International Order in the 1990S: Geographic Perspectives- October 1995

Central Intelligence Agency · 1995-10-01 · 205 pages · text from the file's own layer

This Central Intelligence Agency conference report, numbered RTT 95-10039 and dated October 1995, presents the proceedings of a conference held 30 September to 1 October 1993. The CIA's Geographic Resources Division sponsored the conference. In it, academic geographers, anthropologists and US Government officials examined ethnic conflict by region, covering Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, Asia and South Asia. The report also discusses what these conflicts mean for US policy. It does not deal with UFOs or unidentified aerial phenomena.

  • p. 50 …For example, Muslim Serbs and Muslim Croats never defined them- selves as a people. They never…
  • p. 51 …I think that’s very crucial to under- standing why the Albanians never claimed Kosovo. Of…
  • p. 62 …be taught as a second foreign language, never as the first, and d_) less information and…
  • p. 78 …It never was. It might be useful, instead, to view the Soviet Union as a colonial…
  • p. 91 …As such, the ability of states to get from their people what they want has never…
  • p. 92 …The peoples of Africa never chose what their bound- aries should be—they were imposed by…
  • p. 93 …I never would have sent them in the first place. I thought our job was to…
  • p. 109 …Most of the provisions of this agreement were never imple- mented, and Kurdish autononiy became a…
  • p. 110 …those remaining in Lebanon, that prospect was never accepted by Muslims. The absence of believable data…
  • p. 112 …the vast majority of them—who have never known democracy. Other hopes can be enter- tained…
  • p. 114 …But in this region we can never say never, as evi- denced by the recent gasp…
  • p. 116 …Although Sovietologists could never have predicted the rapid events that dismantled the USSR at the beginning…
  • p. 119 …The Chinese, in my opinion,‘ never take China for granted, culturally, politically, or otherwise. This is…
  • p. 120 …What is going on here? National identities, although imagined, are never arbi- trary but arise in…
  • p. 121 …be one reason why these categories have never been challenged. The very Confucian practice of the…
  • p. 123 …These ethnic identities are “imagined” in Ben Ander- son’s (1983) terms, but they are never…
  • p. 133 …Inter- vention in the cause of the exacerbation of ethnic conflict should never be justified. Intervention…
  • p. 141 …Sociocultural identities in South Asia have never been fixed. The corporate mobility of particular groups, some…
  • p. 147 …Although never posing a serious challenge to Congress, the Mahasabha was particularly influential in the period…
  • p. 157 …were always moderate and that the extremists never represented the Sikh rank and file. One fundamental…
  • p. 166 …These are the people who have never had any form of internationally recognized status and who…
  • p. 169 …ways to enter as illegal immigrants and never get counted. 1 I Another important point to…
  • p. 177 …The -French nation never managed to incorpo- rate the adjacent French-speaking Belgian Walloons or the…
  • p. 186 …The reason Armenians still hate Turks is that there has never been reconciliation. Similarly there will…
  • p. 204 …You are never going to have total agreement on mov- ing boundaries. In fact, hundreds of…
. Approved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268
References
Banac, lvo. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Ori-
gins, History, Politics. Ithaca,_NY: Cornell University
Press, 1984. A good account of the various national
issues in Yugoslavia. Especially valuable is the analy-
sis of the issues in terms of how and why they came
about and the political ramifications thereof.
Cvijic, Jovan. “The Geographical Distribution of the
Balkan Peoples.” Geographical Review. Vol. 5., May
1918; pp. 345-361. Important work as it was used to
establish boundaries in the Balkans after World War
II. It is pro-Serbian and defines Macedonia as South
Serbian. An excellent example of the use of propa-
ganda (often using real historical issues) to justify a
given nationalist position.
Davies, Nonnan. God's Playground: A History of
Poland. Two vols. New York: Columbia University
Press, 1982. One of the best accounts of the issues of
Polish nationalism and history. Frequently referenced.
Deak, Francis. Hungary at the Paris Peace Confer-
ence: The Diplomatic History of the Treaty of Trianon.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1942. Excel-
lent work on the Paris Peace Conference.
Dragnich, Alex N. Serbs and Croats: the Struggle in
Yugoslavia. New York. Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich,
1992; Emmert, Thomas A. Serbian Golgotha Kosovo,
I389. New York: East European Monographs, 1990;
and Morison, W. A. The Revolt of the Serbs Against
the Turks (1804-I813): Translations from the Serbian
National Ballads of the Period. Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press, 1942. These three books are
good sources on the use of Serbian nationalist stories
as a means to achieve a nationalist end. All represent a
Serbian nationalist position. Are useful to understand
the mentality and dimension o'f Serbian nationalism.
Deletant, Dennis and Hanak, Harry, eds. Historians as
Nation-Builders: Central and Southeast Europe. Lon-
don: Macmillan Press, 1988. One of the best works on
Central Europe and the Balkans. It is especially good
in its discussions of how intellectuals, and particularly
historians, play a role in the rise of nationalism.
Erdei, Ferenc, ed. Information Hungary. New York:
Pergamon Press, 1968. Good on the Hungarian posi-
tion. It is not ultranationalistic while it presents the
Hungarian view.
Hobsbawn, E.J. “Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe
Today.” Anthropology Today. Vol. 8, No. 1, 1992. pp.
3-13. An excellent source on issues of ethnicity and
nationalism in contemporary Europe, including East-
ern Europe.
Horne, Donald. The Great Museum: The Re-Presenta-
tion of History. London: Pluto Press, 1984. Good
source on the use of folktales, incidents, and heroes as
historical figures and issues in nationalism.
Jelavich, Charles and Barbara. The Establishment of
the Balkan National States, 1804-I920. A History of
East Central Europe. Eds., Peter Sugar and Donald
Treadgold. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Vol. 8, 1977. Presents a fairly unbiased history of the
Balkan region. One of the best texts on the subject.
Konnyu, Leslie. A Condensed Geography of Hungary.
St. Louis: The American Hungarian Review, 1971. An
excellent source as representative of ultra-Hungarian
nationalist views.
Mellor, Roy E.H. Eastern Europe: A Geography of
Comecon Countries. New York: Columbia University
Press, 1975. Good as a general geography text but not
very detailed and poor on issues of nationalism and
boundary disputes. Very encyclopedic.
Okey, Robin. Eastern Europe 1 740-1985: Feudalism
to Communism London: Hutchinson, 1986. One of
the best books on the subject of the historic evolution
of the states of the region. Also provides excellent and
unbiased treatment of nationality issues.
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Approved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268

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FOIA release, from the cia-readingroom collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is under it. 205 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.