Documents / FOIA release
(Estimated Pub Date) the Challenge of Ethnic Conflict to National and International Order in the 1990S: Geographic Perspectives- October 1995
Central Intelligence Agency · 1995-10-01 · 205 pages · text from the file's own layer
This Central Intelligence Agency conference report, numbered RTT 95-10039 and dated October 1995, presents the proceedings of a conference held 30 September to 1 October 1993. The CIA's Geographic Resources Division sponsored the conference. In it, academic geographers, anthropologists and US Government officials examined ethnic conflict by region, covering Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, Asia and South Asia. The report also discusses what these conflicts mean for US policy. It does not deal with UFOs or unidentified aerial phenomena.
“Nevers”25 pages
- p. 50 …For example,
Muslim Serbs and Muslim Croats never defined them-
selves as a people. They never…
- p. 51 …I think that’s very crucial to under-
standing why the Albanians never claimed Kosovo.
Of…
- p. 62 …be taught as a second foreign language, never
as the first, and d_) less information and…
- p. 78 …It never
was. It might be useful, instead, to view the Soviet
Union as a colonial…
- p. 91 …As such, the
ability of states to get from their people what they
want has never…
- p. 92 …The peoples of Africa never chose what their bound-
aries should be—they were imposed by…
- p. 93 …I never would have sent them in the
first place. I thought our job was to…
- p. 109 …Most of
the provisions of this agreement were never imple-
mented, and Kurdish autononiy became a…
- p. 110 …those remaining in Lebanon, that prospect was
never accepted by Muslims. The absence of believable
data…
- p. 112 …the vast majority of them—who have
never known democracy. Other hopes can be enter-
tained…
- p. 114 …But in this region we can never say never, as evi-
denced by the recent gasp…
- p. 116 …Although Sovietologists could never have predicted
the rapid events that dismantled the USSR at the
beginning…
- p. 119 …The Chinese, in my opinion,‘ never take China for
granted, culturally, politically, or otherwise. This is…
- p. 120 …What is going on here?
National identities, although imagined, are never arbi-
trary but arise in…
- p. 121 …be one reason why these categories have never been
challenged. The very Confucian practice of the…
- p. 123 …These ethnic identities are “imagined” in Ben Ander-
son’s (1983) terms, but they are never…
- p. 133 …Inter-
vention in the cause of the exacerbation of ethnic
conflict should never be justified. Intervention…
- p. 141 …Sociocultural identities in South Asia have never been
fixed. The corporate mobility of particular groups,
some…
- p. 147 …Although never posing a
serious challenge to Congress, the Mahasabha was
particularly influential in the period…
- p. 157 …were always moderate and that the extremists
never represented the Sikh rank and file.
One fundamental…
- p. 166 …These are the people who
have never had any form of internationally recognized
status and who…
- p. 169 …ways to enter as
illegal immigrants and never get counted.
1
I
Another important point to…
- p. 177 …The -French nation never managed to incorpo-
rate the adjacent French-speaking Belgian Walloons
or the…
- p. 186 …The reason
Armenians still hate Turks is that there has never been
reconciliation. Similarly there will…
- p. 204 …You are never going to have total agreement on mov-
ing boundaries. In fact, hundreds of…
Approved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268
Today, we have 53 states in Europe; there were 32 in
1991. That is a major change. It is the largest change
in Europe since 1917 or 1648, depending on how you
look at it. It has been done largely without violence
and largely within a relatively democratic context, and
it has been agreed to by those states. The United
States has recognized those states: the Czech Repub-
lic, Slovakia, the Baltic states, and the other states that
have emerged from the former Soviet Union, as well
as those from Yugoslavia.
So it is possible to reconcile the idea ofaccepting the
concept of territorial integrity and that of peaceful
changes of borders. It is difficult, but I do not see any
major intellectual pitfall. I think US policy has cer-
tainly evolved over the last two years on this quest.
DR. SCHWARTZBERG: One of the things that I
think we can do is to try to empower the only interna-
tional organization that ought to have universal legiti-
macy—the United Nations. One of the UN’s major
organs, the Trusteeship Council, has virtually nothing
to do any longer. There is no reason why the Council
should not be transformed into a Human Rights Coun-
cil and be run by a high commissioner for human
rights, who would have greatly expanded powers.
While very fewnations are not guilty of some
excesses in regard to human rights, some are much
worse than others, and those are the ones that have to
be tackled first. We need an agency with legitimacy to
do that.
The UN can do that. It will make mistakes to be sure,
but we should get behind the UN and give it power to
address global problems. Global problems require glo-
bal solutions. The UN ought to be the global instru-
rnent.
194
Approved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268
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About this file
FOIA release, from the cia-readingroom collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is under it. 205 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.