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(Estimated Pub Date) the Challenge of Ethnic Conflict to National and International Order in the 1990S: Geographic Perspectives- October 1995

Central Intelligence Agency · 1995-10-01 · 205 pages · text from the file's own layer

This Central Intelligence Agency conference report, numbered RTT 95-10039 and dated October 1995, presents the proceedings of a conference held 30 September to 1 October 1993. The CIA's Geographic Resources Division sponsored the conference. In it, academic geographers, anthropologists and US Government officials examined ethnic conflict by region, covering Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, Asia and South Asia. The report also discusses what these conflicts mean for US policy. It does not deal with UFOs or unidentified aerial phenomena.

  • p. 50 …For example, Muslim Serbs and Muslim Croats never defined them- selves as a people. They never…
  • p. 51 …I think that’s very crucial to under- standing why the Albanians never claimed Kosovo. Of…
  • p. 62 …be taught as a second foreign language, never as the first, and d_) less information and…
  • p. 78 …It never was. It might be useful, instead, to view the Soviet Union as a colonial…
  • p. 91 …As such, the ability of states to get from their people what they want has never…
  • p. 92 …The peoples of Africa never chose what their bound- aries should be—they were imposed by…
  • p. 93 …I never would have sent them in the first place. I thought our job was to…
  • p. 109 …Most of the provisions of this agreement were never imple- mented, and Kurdish autononiy became a…
  • p. 110 …those remaining in Lebanon, that prospect was never accepted by Muslims. The absence of believable data…
  • p. 112 …the vast majority of them—who have never known democracy. Other hopes can be enter- tained…
  • p. 114 …But in this region we can never say never, as evi- denced by the recent gasp…
  • p. 116 …Although Sovietologists could never have predicted the rapid events that dismantled the USSR at the beginning…
  • p. 119 …The Chinese, in my opinion,‘ never take China for granted, culturally, politically, or otherwise. This is…
  • p. 120 …What is going on here? National identities, although imagined, are never arbi- trary but arise in…
  • p. 121 …be one reason why these categories have never been challenged. The very Confucian practice of the…
  • p. 123 …These ethnic identities are “imagined” in Ben Ander- son’s (1983) terms, but they are never…
  • p. 133 …Inter- vention in the cause of the exacerbation of ethnic conflict should never be justified. Intervention…
  • p. 141 …Sociocultural identities in South Asia have never been fixed. The corporate mobility of particular groups, some…
  • p. 147 …Although never posing a serious challenge to Congress, the Mahasabha was particularly influential in the period…
  • p. 157 …were always moderate and that the extremists never represented the Sikh rank and file. One fundamental…
  • p. 166 …These are the people who have never had any form of internationally recognized status and who…
  • p. 169 …ways to enter as illegal immigrants and never get counted. 1 I Another important point to…
  • p. 177 …The -French nation never managed to incorpo- rate the adjacent French-speaking Belgian Walloons or the…
  • p. 186 …The reason Armenians still hate Turks is that there has never been reconciliation. Similarly there will…
  • p. 204 …You are never going to have total agreement on mov- ing boundaries. In fact, hundreds of…
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Approved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268
References (continued)
Reprint Corporation, 1969. (Original edition, Cal-
outta: Thacker, Spink, 1915). Although its anthropo-
metrically based views on Indian races are antiquated,
its maps of caste distributions and discussion of how
castes are regarded, often stereotypically, by Indians
themselves are useful.
i
Schermerhom, R. A. Ethnic Plurality in India. Tuc-
son, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1978.
Focuses on 10 minorities: Scheduled Castes, Sched-
uled Tribes, seven religious minorities, and Chinese,
with emphases on identity fonnation and group mobil-
ity.
’
Schwartzberg, Joseph E. “The Distribution of
Selected Castes in the North Indian Plain,” The Geo-
graphical Review. vol. 55, no.‘4, 1965, pp. 477-95
plus a large folded insert. Based on extensive field
research, this work employs acombination of maps
and graphs to indicate, at various scales, how castes
are distributed over a large part of northern India.
Schwartzberg, Joseph E., ed., A Historical Atlas of
South Asia. New York: Oxford University Press,
1992; updated edition (lst edition, Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1978.) Maps Indian perceptions of
their own geography at various periods, beginning in
Vedic times. For the modern period, maps show the
distribution of religions, sects, languages, dialects,
and castes based on various censuses from 1872 to
1961. Maps, graphs, and discusses ethnically related
disturbances throughout the past century, but particu-
larly in the postindependence period.
Singer, Milton and Bernard S.jColm, Structure and
Change in Indian Society. Chicago: Aldine Publishing
Co., 1968. (Also published through Current Anthro-
pology for the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthro-
pological Research, Inc., 1968, Viking Fund
Publications in Anthropology, No. 47.) Includes
numerous studies on caste, language, and social struc-
ture, among which several focus on intergroup
dynamics and recent social change.
K. S. Singh. The People of India: An Introduction.
Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, 1992. This
is the largely methodological introductory volume to
the Anthropological Sun/ey’s massive People of India
Project, begun in 1985 and destined to provide “a
brief, descriptive anthropological profile of all the
(4,635!) communities of India, studying the impact on
them of change and the development process and the
linkages that bring them together.”
K. S. Singh, ed., Tribal Movements in India (two vol-
umes). New Delhi: Manohar, 1982. Presents papers
given at a seminar organized by the Anthropological
Survey of India at which 36 ongoing tribal movements
were identified. Fourteen of these, all in the northeast,
are treated in volume one and the remainder, from
other regions, in volume two.
Smith, Donald Eugene, ed., South Asian Politics and
Religion. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University
Press, 1986. The four major sections of this excellent
anthology are “South Asia: Unity and Diversity,”
“India: The Politics of Religious Pluralism,” “Paki-
stan: The Politics of Islamic Identity,” and “Ceylon:
The Politics of Buddhist Resurgence.”
Sopher, David E., ed., An Exploration of India. Ithaca,
New York: Cornell University Press, 1980. Includes,
inter alia a critical overview of Indian regions by
Bharat L. Bhatt, a valuable study of linguistic bound-
aries by Charles J. Bennett, and a highly original over-
view of the regional patterning of culture in India by
the editor.
Wallace, Paul, ed., Region and Nation in India. New
Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. and American
Institute of Indian Studies, 1985. Particularly useful
are a wide-ranging bibliographical and historiographic
essay on regionalism by N. Gerald Barrier and sub-
stantive essays on regional cultures by Ainslie T.
Embree and on linguistic states reorganization by
Joseph E. Schwartzberg.
143
Approved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268

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FOIA release, from the cia-readingroom collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is under it. 205 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.