Documents / FOIA release

(Estimated Pub Date) the Challenge of Ethnic Conflict to National and International Order in the 1990S: Geographic Perspectives- October 1995

Central Intelligence Agency · 1995-10-01 · 205 pages · text from the file's own layer

This Central Intelligence Agency conference report, numbered RTT 95-10039 and dated October 1995, presents the proceedings of a conference held 30 September to 1 October 1993. The CIA's Geographic Resources Division sponsored the conference. In it, academic geographers, anthropologists and US Government officials examined ethnic conflict by region, covering Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, Asia and South Asia. The report also discusses what these conflicts mean for US policy. It does not deal with UFOs or unidentified aerial phenomena.

  • p. 50 …For example, Muslim Serbs and Muslim Croats never defined them- selves as a people. They never…
  • p. 51 …I think that’s very crucial to under- standing why the Albanians never claimed Kosovo. Of…
  • p. 62 …be taught as a second foreign language, never as the first, and d_) less information and…
  • p. 78 …It never was. It might be useful, instead, to view the Soviet Union as a colonial…
  • p. 91 …As such, the ability of states to get from their people what they want has never…
  • p. 92 …The peoples of Africa never chose what their bound- aries should be—they were imposed by…
  • p. 93 …I never would have sent them in the first place. I thought our job was to…
  • p. 109 …Most of the provisions of this agreement were never imple- mented, and Kurdish autononiy became a…
  • p. 110 …those remaining in Lebanon, that prospect was never accepted by Muslims. The absence of believable data…
  • p. 112 …the vast majority of them—who have never known democracy. Other hopes can be enter- tained…
  • p. 114 …But in this region we can never say never, as evi- denced by the recent gasp…
  • p. 116 …Although Sovietologists could never have predicted the rapid events that dismantled the USSR at the beginning…
  • p. 119 …The Chinese, in my opinion,‘ never take China for granted, culturally, politically, or otherwise. This is…
  • p. 120 …What is going on here? National identities, although imagined, are never arbi- trary but arise in…
  • p. 121 …be one reason why these categories have never been challenged. The very Confucian practice of the…
  • p. 123 …These ethnic identities are “imagined” in Ben Ander- son’s (1983) terms, but they are never…
  • p. 133 …Inter- vention in the cause of the exacerbation of ethnic conflict should never be justified. Intervention…
  • p. 141 …Sociocultural identities in South Asia have never been fixed. The corporate mobility of particular groups, some…
  • p. 147 …Although never posing a serious challenge to Congress, the Mahasabha was particularly influential in the period…
  • p. 157 …were always moderate and that the extremists never represented the Sikh rank and file. One fundamental…
  • p. 166 …These are the people who have never had any form of internationally recognized status and who…
  • p. 169 …ways to enter as illegal immigrants and never get counted. 1 I Another important point to…
  • p. 177 …The -French nation never managed to incorpo- rate the adjacent French-speaking Belgian Walloons or the…
  • p. 186 …The reason Armenians still hate Turks is that there has never been reconciliation. Similarly there will…
  • p. 204 …You are never going to have total agreement on mov- ing boundaries. In fact, hundreds of…
'Appr0ved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268
References
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(Winter 1992), pp. 10-13. A'n account of Venezuelan
Government policies toward the Yanomami people
and the creation of the Casiquiare Biosphere Reserve
in 1991. Indigenous people were not included in the
planning phases of the reserve, and it is unclear how
they will be affected by it. The authors’ belief that the
park will be difficult to protect seems borne out by
recent invasions by Brazilian miners.
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CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy,
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Campbell, Howard, “J uchitan: The Politics of Cultural
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1990), pp. 47-55. An account of the rise of a leftist
Indian political party in a Mexican Indian community
and of the government’s reaction to its election vic-
tory. This is a useful article for understanding some of
the causes of ethnic conflict in Mexico.
Choque, Maria Eugenia and Carlos Mamani, “Recon-
structing the Ayllu: Toward Renewal of the Bolivian
State, Abya Yala News, 8:3 (Fall 1994), pp. 9, 33. A
brief but timely analysis of the Indian political move-
ment in Bolivia.
Collier, George A., with Elizabeth Lowery
Quaratiello, Bastal: Land arid the Zapatista Rebellion
in Chiapas. Oakland, CA: Institute for Food and
Development Policy, 1994. An anthropologist with
30 years of experience working in Chiapas, Collier
places the Zapatista rebellion of 1994 in the context of
conflict over access to land at the local level. This
book is current up to the August 1994 presidential
election in Mexico.
Dennis, Philip A., Intervillage Conflict in Oaxaca.
New Brunswick and London, Rutgers University
Press, 1987. A study of the origins of conflict over
land between two Zapotec Indian villages. Conflict is
seen as a device that has served to isolate Indian com-
munities and to make them dependent on the state for
resolution of land disputes.
Eckstein, Susan, ed., Power and Popular Protest:
Latin American Social Movements. Berkeley: Univer-
sity of California Press, 1989. A collection of
10 essays that deal with various aspects of Latin
American protest movements. Essays by McClintock
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rilla movements, and Nash on Bolivian mining com-
munities are the most relevant to the subject of ethnic
conflict.
Ewen, Alexander, ed. “Chiapas: Challenging History,”
Akwe:kon: A Journal of Indigenous Issues, 11:2
(Summer 1994). A special issue of the journal dedi-
cated to articles on the Chiapas rebellion.
Foley, Michael W. “Agrarian Conflict Reconsidered:
Popular Mobilization and Peasant Politics in Mexico
and Central America,” Latin American Research
Review, 26:1 (1991), pp. 216-38. This article reviews
nine books, including four in Spanish and one in
English on Mexican campesino (peasant) movements.
The author attributes most conflict to agricultural
modernization, which has strengthened powerful eco-
nomic interests while causing a genera] decline in
rural living standards. Thus, “[e]thnic divisions, gen-
der issues, factional and familial rivalries, and plain
machismo may generate conflict and shape clashes
whose ultimate sources lie elsewhere.”
93
Approved for Release: 2018/06/01 C00123268

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FOIA release, from the cia-readingroom collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is under it. 205 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.