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This JPRS translation, dated 1 August 1990, is an article from the Soviet journal Kommunist by Leonid Grishchuk of the Shternberg State Astronomy Institute. In it he argues that basic science needs state support. He notes that lecture audiences ask a lot about flying saucers and space aliens. He goes on to review cosmology, including galaxy structure, cosmic expansion, relic radiation, Fridman's models and inflationary theory. He closes by saying the question of non-Earth civilizations is a topic for another author.
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## Document 12 of 16 case, pressure which is positive in sign can only slow the rate of expansion through its gravitational influence. Given other identical conditions, a gas possessing a high positive pressure will expand somewhat more slowly than under conditions of the same energy density, but less pressure. However, the situation changes significantly if states of matter with negative pressure are possible, moreover, great negative pressure in terms of the absolute amount. Then, matter would expand not with deceleration, but with acceleration. 36. Modern elementary particle theories predict that in the very early Universe a state of matter with a negative pressure really could have existed, and it would have been equal to the absolute value of the density of energy. In this case, an accelerated rate of expansion occurs, known as inflationary expansion. If such a stage really occurred in the evolution of the very early Universe, it explains several fundamental facts. Let us point out some them. 37. As already stated above, the temperature of the relic radiation coming from different directions in the celestial sphere is identical with great precision. This fact in itself is rather surprising. According to the ordinary Fridman solutions, not involving the hypothesis of an inflationary stage of expansion, the indicated elements of the primary plasma would not be in a cause-effect relationship to each other. No physical process whatsoever could ensure the identical nature of conditions in these elements, yet nonetheless for some reason they had an identical temperature. Therefore, one must assume that the initial conditions were such. The inflationary expansion hypothesis offers a more natural explanation for this fact. The entire volume of primary plasma could have developed in the stage of accelerated expansion from matter, which had occupied a small cause-effect area. In other words, the causal connection between all elements of the primary plasma, now observable, could have been established in the inflationary stage of expansion. This makes the sameness of the observable temperature more understandable. 38. Another advantage of the inflationary hypothesis relates to the explanation of the origin of primary perturbations in the density of matter. As already noted, in the pre-galactic epoch of expansion such perturbations should have existed, so that in the future they could lead to the observed objects and structures. In the usual approach, the properties of such perturbations do not proceed from general theory, but are postulated. In particular, the amplitude of perturbations is selected such that we obtain the observed structure. The inflationary hypothesis offers a more natural explanation. In the inflationary stage, it turns out, perturbations could have developed from inevitable fluctuations of a quantum nature. This decreases the
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FOIA release, from the cia-readingroom collection. The PDF is mirrored here; the original link is above. The text was read from the page images by GLM-OCR; expect the odd misread word. 12 pages are in the text index: search them above, or from the library's search.