Unidentified Flying Objects (UFO) in Ancient CHINA

Read from the scan by GLM-OCR; expect the odd misread word.

JPRS-UIA-90-001

15 January 1990

economic situation on the continent in 1980s, connected in fact mainly with objective factors, cannot be explained merely by the socialist-oriented way. It would be wrong also to compare results achieved in countries of both types for a too short historical period; to consider measures of normalization as a deviation from the socialist orientation; to interpret this orientation as a stage of "building of socialism." This is a long-range policy, and its destinies are not determined by factors of conjuncture. Its necessary pre-conditions are the existence of a solid economic basis—the public sector of the economy, while not necessarily predominant, and the conviction of political leaders in a historical need for socialist orientation.

TURKISH ASPECTS OF TRUMAN DOCTRINE AND SOME MISTAKES OF STALINIST DIPLOMACY

## A.Sh. RASIZADE

While Greek events and the situation about Turkey were the occasion to proclaim the doctrine, its Greek and Turkish aspects haven't been yet a special subject of study in our country. However, the Truman doctrine played a crucial role in American-Turkish relations, in the choice by Turkey of its place in the post-war world, and this influenced, of course, the Soviet-Turkish relations as well. The principles of the doctrine still stay the basis of bilateral relations between Turkey and the USA.

the author tried to reconsider the Soviet interpretation of the Truman doctrine. Now, when we review our past, it is useful to show consequences of the wrong approach by I.V. Stalin and his associates to the Soviet policy in the region.

The Soviet-Turkish relations reached a high level of tension during first post-war years. In course of the second world war Turkey took in fact anti-Soviet positions, and after the war the Soviet government denounced the Treaty on friendship and neutrality between the two countries, signed in Paris in 1925, and suggested to prepare a new treaty. However, Soviet proposals that followed, aggravated even more the bilateral relations, contributed to the western orientation of Turkey. With approval of Stalin, Georgia and Armenia put in claims on the adjacent parts of Turkish territory. In the course of the diplomatic discussion on the regime of the Black Sea straits between USSR, USA, Great Britain and Turkey, the Soviet party also raised claims unacceptable for the Turks, which resulted in drawing up of a common British-American-Turkish position.

SYNCRETISM OF RELIGIOUS AND MYTHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS OF PRE-MOSLEM TURKS

The article deals with insufficiently explored problem of various religious and mythological pre-Islam systems which functioned among Turkic peoples of Central Asia.

## I.V. STEBLEVA

Southern and Eastern Siberia. From the 6th century Turkic peoples began to form military, political and state unions of tribes. On their territories written texts were created, dealing with shamanism, Buddhism, Manjchucism and Christianity. The adoption of Islam by Turks in Central Asia began in 10th century, but this process was long, and during several centuries Turkic peoples lived in the sphere of other cultural and religious traditions.

Turkic manuscripts available for studying these prelamb conceptual systems are written by runic, Manichacan and Uighur scripts. They include special religious texts (prayers, hymns, instructions and norms of religious behaviour) as well as literary works (epitaphs, historical and heroic poems, didactic parables and novels).

A most peculiar feature of these works is the interaction of various religious and mythological traditions. Shamanic texts are influenced by the Manichaean religion (the runic fortune-telling book). Manichaean hymns are created under the influence of Buddhism. The syneresis of Manichaean and Buddhist idias and notions reaches the level where Mani is identified with Buddha. Manichaeism receives as well an impact of Christianity; in the prayer addressed to "Mani-Angel (and) Buddha" the word equivalent of "angel" means also "apostle." Turkic Christian texts were influenced by shamanism (the ritual formula of space description) and Manichaeism which included in its turn some features of zoroastrianism.

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL VIEWS OF ABUL-HASAN AL-MAWARDI (NEW TRENDS OF STUDIES)

## A.A. IGNATENKO

Works created by this eminent Moslem medieval lawyer, expert on problems of the state, have been studied for a long time by orientalists. Modern islamists interpret the heritage of al-Mawardi, this distinguished theorist of the Islamic state—caliphate, as being purely theocratic concept.

The notion of "concord" (ulfa) takes a key place in his concept aimed at giving explanation to the existence and functioning of society. This "concord" is necessary for people to receive "sufficient matter of their life" in the course of "development of the world" (imara). Human society is considered by the medieval theorist to be innery differentiated: "unity in difference" is a precondition of "union" (i'tilaf) of people performing various functions in the process of "development of the world" (tillage, handicraft etc.) and therefore needing one another.

Mutual hostility inherent in people by nature requires the existence of power to consolidate this union using the "religion" (din). Al-Mawardi reconsiders the notion of "religion" interpreting it as any set of society-organizing norms and rules, including even "dishonesty" (knir) if it